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(And we see that a)5.698 F .001(box can be made wider than its def)72
579.6 R .001(ault size to accommodate more te)-.1 F(xt \(we')-.15 E
(ll discuss this f)-.1 E(acility in detail in)-.1 E(the ne)72 591.6 Q
(xt section\).)-.15 E 3.083 -.8(We a)97 607.2 T 1.483(lso get to see).8
F F1(pic)3.983 E F0 2.583 -.55('s s)D 1.483(imple syntax.).55 F 1.483
(Statements are ended by ne)6.483 F 1.484(wlines or semicolons.)-.25 F
(String)6.484 E .496(quotes are required around all te)72 619.2 R .495
(xt ar)-.15 F .495(guments, whether or not the)-.18 F 2.995(yc)-.15 G
.495(ontain spaces.)-2.995 F .495(In general, the order of)5.495 F .028
(command ar)72 631.2 R .028(guments and modi\214ers lik)-.18 F 2.529
<6599>-.1 G .029(width 1.2\232 or \231dashed\232 doesn')-2.529 F 2.529
(tm)-.18 G(atter)-2.529 E 2.529(,e)-.4 G .029
(xcept that the order of te)-2.679 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)72 643.2 Q
(guments is signi\214cant.)-.18 E(Here are all b)97 658.8 Q
(ut one of the basic)-.2 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(objects at their def)2.5 E
(ault sizes:)-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-3-)282.17 48 Q 135 120 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0
36 RL CL .4 LW ST(box)100.5 104.2 Q 207 102 171 102 DL(line)181.5 98.2 Q
279 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 279 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 271.8 102 243 102 DL(arro)249.465 98.2 Q(w)
-.25 E 333 102 18 DC ST(circle)321.895 104.2 Q 54 36 414 102 DE ST
(ellipse)400.945 104.2 Q 477 84 18 90 0 DA(arc)488.895 122.2 Q
(Figure 3-2: Basic)230.225 143 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.5 E F0
(objects)2.5 E .346(The missing simple object type is a)97 170.6 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(spline)2.846 E F0 5.346(.T)C .346(here is also a w)
-5.346 F .346(ay to collect objects into)-.1 F F2(bloc)2.846 E 2.846(kc)
-.2 G(ompos-)-2.846 E(ites)72 182.6 Q F0 1.047(which allo)3.547 F 1.047
(ws you to treat the whole group as a single object \(resembling a box\
\) for man)-.25 F 3.548(yp)-.15 G(urposes.)-3.548 E -.8(We)72 194.6 S
-.1('l).8 G 2.5(ld).1 G(escribe both of these later on.)-2.5 E .956
(The box, ellipse, circle, and block composite objects are)97 210.2 R F2
(closed)3.456 E F0 3.456(;l).77 G .956(ines, arro)-3.456 F .956
(ws, arcs and splines are)-.25 F F2(open)72 222.2 Q F0 5(.T)C
(his distinction is often important in e)-5 E
(xplaining command modi\214ers.)-.15 E(Figure 3-2 w)97 237.8 Q
(as produced by the follo)-.1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(program, which introduces some more basic concepts:)2.5 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 255.8 Q(box "box";)108 267.8 Q(move;)108 279.8 Q
(line "line" "";)108 291.8 Q(move;)108 303.8 Q(arrow "arrow" "";)108
315.8 Q(move;)108 327.8 Q(circle "circle";)108 339.8 Q(move;)108 351.8 Q
(ellipse "ellipse";)108 363.8 Q(move;)108 375.8 Q
(arc; down; move; "arc")108 387.8 Q(.PE)108 399.8 Q F0 .477
(The \214rst thing to notice is the)97 421.4 R F2(mo)2.977 E(ve)-.1 E F0
.477(command, which mo)2.977 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.977(sad).15 G(ef)-2.977
E .478(ault distance \(1/2 inch\) in the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(rent mo)72
433.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ment direction.).15 E(Secondly)97 449 Q 3.335(,s)
-.65 G .835(ee ho)-3.335 F 3.335(ww)-.25 G 3.335(ec)-3.335 G .835
(an also decorate lines and arro)-3.335 F .835(ws with te)-.25 F 3.335
(xt. The)-.15 F .835(line and arro)3.335 F 3.335(wc)-.25 G(ommands)
-3.335 E .068(each tak)72 461 R 2.569(et)-.1 G .269 -.1(wo a)-2.569 H
-.18(rg).1 G .069(uments here, specifying te).18 F .069(xt to go abo)
-.15 F .369 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .069(nd belo).15 F 2.569(wt)-.25 G .069
(he object.)-2.569 F .069(If you w)5.069 F .069(onder wh)-.1 F 2.569(yo)
-.05 G .069(ne ar)-2.569 F(-)-.2 E(gument w)72 473 Q
(ould not do, contemplate the output of)-.1 E F1(arr)2.5 E .2 -.1(ow ")
-.18 H -.1(ow).1 G(!").1 E F0(:)A 306 491 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0
Fg 306 491 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 298.8 491 270
491 DL -.25(ow)280.35 493.2 S(!).25 E(Figure 3-3: T)212.46 514 Q -.15
(ex)-.7 G 2.5(tc).15 G(entered on an arro)-2.5 E(w)-.25 E .514
(When a command tak)97 541.6 R .514(es one te)-.1 F .514(xt string,)-.15
F F1(pic)3.014 E F0 .514(tries to place it at the object')3.014 F 3.014
(sg)-.55 G .514(eometric center)-3.014 F 5.513(.A)-.55 G 3.013(sy)-5.513
G(ou)-3.013 E(add more strings,)72 553.6 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(treats them as a v)2.5 E(ertical block to be centered.)-.15 E
(The program)5 E F3(line "1";)108 571.6 Q(line "1" "2";)108 583.6 Q
(line "1" "2" "3";)108 595.6 Q(line "1" "2" "3" "4";)108 607.6 Q
(line "1" "2" "3" "4" "5";)108 619.6 Q F0(for e)72 641.2 Q(xample, gi)
-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou this:)-2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-4-)282.17 48 Q .4 LW 234 84 198 84 DL(1)213.5
86.2 Q 270 84 234 84 DL(1)249.5 80.2 Q(2)249.5 92.2 Q 306 84 270 84 DL
(1)285.5 74.2 Q(2)285.5 86.2 Q(3)285.5 98.2 Q 342 84 306 84 DL(1)321.5
68.2 Q(2)321.5 80.2 Q(3)321.5 92.2 Q(4)321.5 104.2 Q 378 84 342 84 DL(1)
357.5 62.2 Q(2)357.5 74.2 Q(3)357.5 86.2 Q(4)357.5 98.2 Q(5)357.5 110.2
Q(Figure 3-4: Ef)196.355 131 Q(fects of multiple te)-.25 E(xt ar)-.15 E
(guments)-.18 E .072(The last line of Figure 3-2')97 158.6 R 2.573(sp)
-.55 G .073(rogram, `)-2.573 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ar)A .073(c; do)
-.18 F .073(wn; mo)-.1 F -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.573(;").1 G(ar)-2.573 E(c")-.18
E F0 .073(', describing the captioned arc, intro-)B .558(duces se)72
170.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .558(ral ne).15 F 3.058(wi)-.25 G 3.058
(deas. Firstly)-3.058 F 3.057(,w)-.65 G 3.057(es)-3.057 G .557(ee ho)
-3.057 F 3.057(wt)-.25 G 3.057(oc)-3.057 G .557
(hange the direction in which objects are joined.)-3.057 F .557(Had we)
5.557 F(written)72 182.6 Q F1(ar)3.577 E 1.077(c; mo)-.18 F -.1(ve)-.1 G
3.577(;").1 G(ar)-3.577 E(c")-.18 E F0 3.577(,o)C(mitting)-3.577 E F1
(do)3.577 E(wn)-.1 E F0 1.077(the caption w)3.577 F 1.077(ould ha)-.1 F
1.377 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.077(een joined to the top of the arc, lik).15 F
(e)-.1 E(this:)72 194.6 Q 279 248.6 18 90 0 DA(arc)290.895 214.8 Q
(Figure 3-5: Result of)222.23 289.6 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(c; mo)-.18 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G(;).1 E F0 .129(This is because dra)97 317.2 R .129
(wing an arc changes the def)-.15 F .128
(ault direction to the one its e)-.1 F .128(xit end points at.)-.15 F
1.728 -.8(To r)5.128 H(ein-).8 E(force this point, consider:)72 329.2 Q
279 365.2 18 -0 -90 DA(arc)290.895 403.4 Q(Figure 3-6: Result of)215.15
424.2 Q F1(ar)2.5 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; mo)-2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(;).1 E F0
.827(All we')97 451.8 R 1.127 -.15(ve d)-.5 H .827(one dif).15 F .827(f\
erently here is specify \231cw\232 for a clockwise arc \(\231ccw\232 sp\
eci\214es counter)-.25 F(-clock-)-.2 E(wise direction\).)72 463.8 Q
(Observ)5 E 2.5(eh)-.15 G .5 -.25(ow i)-2.5 H 2.5(tc).25 G
(hanges the def)-2.5 E(ault direction to do)-.1 E(wn, rather than up.)
-.25 E(Another good w)97 479.4 Q(ay to see this via with the follo)-.1 E
(wing program:)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(line; arc; arc cw; line)108
497.4 Q F0(which yields:)72 519 Q 270 573 234 573 DL 270 555 18 90 0 DA
306 555 18 -90 180 DA 342 537 306 537 DL(Figure 3-7: Result of)199.86
596 Q F1(line; ar)2.5 E(c; ar)-.18 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; line)-2.5 E F0
(Notice that we did not ha)72 623.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(os).15 G(p\
ecify \231up\232 for the second arc to be joined to the end of the \214\
rst.)-2.5 E(Finally)97 639.2 Q 2.518(,o)-.65 G(bserv)-2.518 E 2.518(et)
-.15 G .018(hat a string, alone, is treated as te)-2.518 F .017
(xt to be surrounded by an in)-.15 F .017(visible box of a size ei-)-.4
F .645(ther speci\214ed by width and height attrib)72 651.2 R .645
(utes or by the def)-.2 F(aults)-.1 E F1(textwid)3.145 E F0(and)3.145 E
F1(textht)3.146 E F0 5.646(.B)C .646(oth are initially zero)-5.646 F
(\(because we don')72 663.2 Q 2.5(tk)-.18 G(no)-2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(he def)-2.5 E(ault font size\).)-.1 E F1 2.5(4. Sizes)72 687.2 R
(and Spacing)2.5 E F0 .252(Sizes are speci\214ed in inches.)97 702.8 R
.251(If you don')5.251 F 2.751(tl)-.18 G(ik)-2.751 E 2.751(ei)-.1 G .251
(nches, it')-2.751 F 2.751(sp)-.55 G .251
(ossible to set a global style v)-2.751 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(scale)2.751
E F0 .085(that changes the unit.)72 714.8 R(Setting)5.086 E F1 .086
(scale = 2.54)2.586 F F0(ef)2.586 E(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .086
(ly changes the internal unit to centimeters \(all other size).15 F -.25
(va)72 726.8 S(riable v).25 E(alues are scaled correspondingly\).)-.25 E
0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-5-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(4.1. Default)72 84 R(Sizes of Objects)2.5 E F0(Here are the def)97 99.6
Q(ault sizes for)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(objects:)2.5 E F1 12.5
(Object Default)218.37 119.6 R(Size)2.5 E .08 LW 357.63 126.1 218.37
126.1 DL 254.75 108.1 254.75 128.1 DL F0 26.38(box 0.75")218.37 137.6 R
(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 19.17(circle 0.5")218.37 149.6 R(diameter)2.5 E
15.27(ellipse 0.75")218.37 161.6 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 29.17
(arc 0.5")218.37 173.6 R(radius)2.5 E 26.38(line 0.5")218.37 185.6 R
(long)2.5 E(arro)218.37 197.6 Q 20.81(w0)-.25 G(.5" long)-20.81 E 357.63
207.1 218.37 207.1 DL 254.75 128.1 254.75 207.1 DL .076(The simplest w)
97 226.2 R .076(ay to think about these def)-.1 F .076
(aults is that the)-.1 F 2.575(ym)-.15 G(ak)-2.575 E 2.575(et)-.1 G .075
(he other basic objects \214t snugly into)-2.575 F 2.5(ad)72 238.2 S(ef)
-2.5 E(ault-sized box.)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic2plot)97 253.8 Q
F0 .716(\(1\) does not necessarily emit a ph).68 F .717
(ysical inch for each virtual inch in its dra)-.05 F .717
(wing coordinate)-.15 F 3.351(system. Instead,)72 265.8 R .851(it dra)
3.351 F .851(ws on a can)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G 3.351(s8v).25 G .851
(irtual inches by 8 virtual inches wide.)-3.351 F .851
(If its output page size is)5.851 F .151
(\231letter\232, these virtual inches will map to real ones.)72 277.8 R
.151(Specifying a dif)5.151 F .151(ferent page size \(such as, say)-.25
F 2.652<2c99>-.65 G .152(a4\232\) will)-2.652 F .194
(scale virtual inches so the)72 289.8 R 2.694(ya)-.15 G .193
(re output as one eighth of the page width.)-2.694 F(Also,)5.193 E F2
(pic2plot)2.693 E F0 .193(\(1\) centers all images).68 F(by def)72 301.8
Q(ault, though the)-.1 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(option can be used to pre)2.5
E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this.).15 E F1 2.5(4.2. Objects)72 325.8 R
(Do Not Str)2.5 E(etch!)-.18 E F0 -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 341.4 T 2.711(ti).7
G 2.711(sr)-2.711 G .211(endered in the current font with normal trof)
-2.711 F 2.711(fl)-.25 G .211(ine spacing.)-2.711 F(Box)5.211 E .211
(es, circles, and ellipses do)-.15 F F2(not)2.712 E F0 .685
(automatically resize to \214t enclosed te)72 353.4 R 3.184(xt. Thus,)
-.15 F .684(if you say)3.184 F F1 .684(box "this text far too long f)
3.184 F .684(or a default box")-.25 F F0(you')72 365.4 Q(ll get this:)
-.1 E 315 419.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(this te)208.6
403.6 Q(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E
(Figure 4-1: Box)196.695 442.4 Q(es do not automatically resize)-.15 E
(which is probably not the ef)72 470 Q(fect you w)-.25 E(ant.)-.1 E F1
2.5(4.3. Resizing)72 494 R(Boxes)2.5 E F0 1.6 -.8(To c)97 509.6 T(hange\
the box size, you can specify a box width with the \231width\232 modi\
\214er:).8 E 396 563.6 MT 0 -36 RL -216 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(this te)208.6
547.8 Q(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E
(Figure 4-2: Result of)219.94 586.6 Q F1(box width 3)2.5 E F0 1.175
(This modi\214er tak)97 614.2 R 1.175(es a dimension in inches.)-.1 F
1.176(There is also a \231height\232 modi\214er that changes a box')
6.176 F(s)-.55 E 2.5(height. The)72 626.2 R F1(width)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5
G(yw)-.05 E(ord may be abbre)-.1 E(viated to)-.25 E F1(wid)2.5 E F0 2.5
(;t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(height)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord to)-.1 E
F1(ht)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(4.4. Resizing)72 650.2 R(Other Object T)2.5 E
(ypes)-.34 E F0 1.715 -.8(To c)97 665.8 T .115
(hange the size of a circle, gi).8 F .414 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.614(ta).15
G F1(rad[ius])A F0(or)2.614 E F1(diam[eter])2.614 E F0 .114
(modi\214er; this changes the radius or di-)2.614 F
(ameter of the circle, according to the numeric ar)72 677.8 Q
(gument that follo)-.18 E(ws.)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-6-)282.17 48 Q 223.2 105.6 7.2 DC .4 LW ST(0.1)
216.95 129.4 Q 266.4 105.6 14.4 DC ST(0.2)260.15 107.8 Q 338.4 105.6
21.6 DC ST(0.3)332.15 107.8 Q(Figure 4-3: Circles with increasing radii)
207.87 150.2 Q(The)97 177.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mo)3.27 E -.1(ve)-.1
G F0 .77(command can also tak)3.37 F 3.27(ead)-.1 G .771
(imension, which just tells it ho)-3.27 F 3.271(wm)-.25 G(an)-3.271 E
3.271(yi)-.15 G .771(nches to mo)-3.271 F 1.071 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 3.271
(nt).15 G(he)-3.271 E(current direction.)72 189.8 Q .849(Ellipses are s\
ized to \214t in the rectangular box de\214ned by their ax)97 205.4 R
.848(es, and can be resized with)-.15 F F1(width)3.348 E F0(and)72 217.4
Q F1(height)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E 2.5(eb)-.1 G(ox)-2.5 E(es.)-.15 E -1.1
(Yo)97 233 S 2.722(uc)1.1 G .222(an also change the radius of curv)
-2.722 F .222(ature of an arc with)-.25 F F1(rad[ius])2.722 E F0 .223
(\(which speci\214es the radius of the)2.722 F
(circle of which the arc is a se)72 245 Q 2.5(gment\). Lar)-.15 F(ger v)
-.18 E(alues yield \215atter arcs.)-.25 E 241.2 277.4 7.2 90 0 DA(0.1)
234.95 301.2 Q 277.2 270.2 14.4 90 0 DA(0.2)270.95 301.2 Q 313.2 263
21.6 90 0 DA(0.3)306.95 301.2 Q(Figure 4-4:)206.435 322 Q F1(ar)2.5 E
2.5(cr)-.18 G(ad)-2.5 E F0(with increasing radii)2.5 E(Observ)97 349.6 Q
2.667(et)-.15 G .166(hat because an arc is de\214ned as a quarter circl\
e, increasing the radius also increases the size)-2.667 F(of the arc')72
361.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ounding box.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(4.5. The)72 385.6 R
(`same' K)2.5 E(eyw)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .231
(In place of a dimension speci\214cation, you can use the k)97 401.2 R
-.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1 E F1(same)2.731 E F0 5.231(.T)C .231
(his gi)-5.231 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(st).15 G .232(he object the same)
-2.731 F(size as the pre)72 413.2 Q(vious one of its type.)-.25 E
(As an e)5 E(xample, the program)-.15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 431.2
Q(box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box)108 443.2 Q(.PE)108 455.2 Q F0(gi)
72 476.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou)-2.5 E 216 548.8 MT 0 -36 RL
-54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 288 566.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 360
566.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 414 548.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL ST(Figure 4-5: The)225.965 589.8 Q F1(same)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord)-.1 E F1 2.5(5. Generalized)72 625.8 R
(Lines and Splines)2.5 E 2.5(5.1. Diagonal)72 649.8 R(Lines)2.5 E F0
.466(It is possible to specify diagonal lines or arro)97 665.4 R .466
(ws by adding multiple)-.25 F F1(up)2.966 E F0(,)A F1(do)2.966 E(wn)-.1
E F0(,)A F1(left)2.966 E F0 2.966(,a)C(nd)-2.966 E F1(right)2.965 E F0
(modi-)2.965 E .373(\214ers to the line object.)72 677.4 R(An)5.373 E
2.873(yo)-.15 G 2.874(ft)-2.873 G .374(hese can ha)-2.874 F .674 -.15
(ve a m)-.2 H(ultiplier).15 E 5.374(.T)-.55 G 2.874(ou)-6.174 G .374
(nderstand the ef)-2.874 F .374(fects, think of the dra)-.25 F(wing)-.15
E(area as being gridded with standard-sized box)72 689.4 Q(es.)-.15 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-7-)282.17 48 Q 108 84 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52
2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 108 84 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST
.4 LW 113.112 89.112 144 120 DL 108 120 108 120 DL 111.6 120 111.6 120
DL 115.2 120 115.2 120 DL 118.8 120 118.8 120 DL 122.4 120 122.4 120 DL
126 120 126 120 DL 129.6 120 129.6 120 DL 133.2 120 133.2 120 DL 136.8
120 136.8 120 DL 140.4 120 140.4 120 DL 144 120 144 120 DL 144 120 144
120 DL 144 116.4 144 116.4 DL 144 112.8 144 112.8 DL 144 109.2 144 109.2
DL 144 105.6 144 105.6 DL 144 102 144 102 DL 144 98.4 144 98.4 DL 144
94.8 144 94.8 DL 144 91.2 144 91.2 DL 144 87.6 144 87.6 DL 144 84 144 84
DL 144 84 144 84 DL 140.4 84 140.4 84 DL 136.8 84 136.8 84 DL 133.2 84
133.2 84 DL 129.6 84 129.6 84 DL 126 84 126 84 DL 122.4 84 122.4 84 DL
118.8 84 118.8 84 DL 115.2 84 115.2 84 DL 111.6 84 111.6 84 DL 108 84
108 84 DL 108 84 108 84 DL 108 87.6 108 87.6 DL 108 91.2 108 91.2 DL 108
94.8 108 94.8 DL 108 98.4 108 98.4 DL 108 102 108 102 DL 108 105.6 108
105.6 DL 108 109.2 108 109.2 DL 108 112.8 108 112.8 DL 108 116.4 108
116.4 DL 108 120 108 120 DL/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(arr)90.59 140.2 Q .2
-.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 0.5)-2.5 E 187.2 84 MT 7.272 1.584 RL
-1.584 3.24 RL CL 0 Fg 187.2 84 MT 7.272 1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL .1
LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 193.608 87.24 259.2 120 DL 187.2 120 187.2 120 DL 190.8
120 190.8 120 DL 194.4 120 194.4 120 DL 198 120 198 120 DL 201.6 120
201.6 120 DL 205.2 120 205.2 120 DL 208.8 120 208.8 120 DL 212.4 120
212.4 120 DL 216 120 216 120 DL 219.6 120 219.6 120 DL 223.2 120 223.2
120 DL 223.2 120 223.2 120 DL 223.2 116.4 223.2 116.4 DL 223.2 112.8
223.2 112.8 DL 223.2 109.2 223.2 109.2 DL 223.2 105.6 223.2 105.6 DL
223.2 102 223.2 102 DL 223.2 98.4 223.2 98.4 DL 223.2 94.8 223.2 94.8 DL
223.2 91.2 223.2 91.2 DL 223.2 87.6 223.2 87.6 DL 223.2 84 223.2 84 DL
223.2 84 223.2 84 DL 219.6 84 219.6 84 DL 216 84 216 84 DL 212.4 84
212.4 84 DL 208.8 84 208.8 84 DL 205.2 84 205.2 84 DL 201.6 84 201.6 84
DL 198 84 198 84 DL 194.4 84 194.4 84 DL 190.8 84 190.8 84 DL 187.2 84
187.2 84 DL 187.2 84 187.2 84 DL 187.2 87.6 187.2 87.6 DL 187.2 91.2
187.2 91.2 DL 187.2 94.8 187.2 94.8 DL 187.2 98.4 187.2 98.4 DL 187.2
102 187.2 102 DL 187.2 105.6 187.2 105.6 DL 187.2 109.2 187.2 109.2 DL
187.2 112.8 187.2 112.8 DL 187.2 116.4 187.2 116.4 DL 187.2 120 187.2
120 DL 223.2 120 223.2 120 DL 226.8 120 226.8 120 DL 230.4 120 230.4 120
DL 234 120 234 120 DL 237.6 120 237.6 120 DL 241.2 120 241.2 120 DL
244.8 120 244.8 120 DL 248.4 120 248.4 120 DL 252 120 252 120 DL 255.6
120 255.6 120 DL 259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 259.2
116.4 259.2 116.4 DL 259.2 112.8 259.2 112.8 DL 259.2 109.2 259.2 109.2
DL 259.2 105.6 259.2 105.6 DL 259.2 102 259.2 102 DL 259.2 98.4 259.2
98.4 DL 259.2 94.8 259.2 94.8 DL 259.2 91.2 259.2 91.2 DL 259.2 87.6
259.2 87.6 DL 259.2 84 259.2 84 DL 259.2 84 259.2 84 DL 255.6 84 255.6
84 DL 252 84 252 84 DL 248.4 84 248.4 84 DL 244.8 84 244.8 84 DL 241.2
84 241.2 84 DL 237.6 84 237.6 84 DL 234 84 234 84 DL 230.4 84 230.4 84
DL 226.8 84 226.8 84 DL 223.2 84 223.2 84 DL 223.2 84 223.2 84 DL 223.2
87.6 223.2 87.6 DL 223.2 91.2 223.2 91.2 DL 223.2 94.8 223.2 94.8 DL
223.2 98.4 223.2 98.4 DL 223.2 102 223.2 102 DL 223.2 105.6 223.2 105.6
DL 223.2 109.2 223.2 109.2 DL 223.2 112.8 223.2 112.8 DL 223.2 116.4
223.2 116.4 DL 223.2 120 223.2 120 DL(arr)191.54 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)
-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1)-2.5 E 302.4 84 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384
RL CL 0 Fg 302.4 84 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4
LW 309.24 86.304 410.4 120 DL 302.4 120 302.4 120 DL 306 120 306 120 DL
309.6 120 309.6 120 DL 313.2 120 313.2 120 DL 316.8 120 316.8 120 DL
320.4 120 320.4 120 DL 324 120 324 120 DL 327.6 120 327.6 120 DL 331.2
120 331.2 120 DL 334.8 120 334.8 120 DL 338.4 120 338.4 120 DL 338.4 120
338.4 120 DL 338.4 116.4 338.4 116.4 DL 338.4 112.8 338.4 112.8 DL 338.4
109.2 338.4 109.2 DL 338.4 105.6 338.4 105.6 DL 338.4 102 338.4 102 DL
338.4 98.4 338.4 98.4 DL 338.4 94.8 338.4 94.8 DL 338.4 91.2 338.4 91.2
DL 338.4 87.6 338.4 87.6 DL 338.4 84 338.4 84 DL 338.4 84 338.4 84 DL
334.8 84 334.8 84 DL 331.2 84 331.2 84 DL 327.6 84 327.6 84 DL 324 84
324 84 DL 320.4 84 320.4 84 DL 316.8 84 316.8 84 DL 313.2 84 313.2 84 DL
309.6 84 309.6 84 DL 306 84 306 84 DL 302.4 84 302.4 84 DL 302.4 84
302.4 84 DL 302.4 87.6 302.4 87.6 DL 302.4 91.2 302.4 91.2 DL 302.4 94.8
302.4 94.8 DL 302.4 98.4 302.4 98.4 DL 302.4 102 302.4 102 DL 302.4
105.6 302.4 105.6 DL 302.4 109.2 302.4 109.2 DL 302.4 112.8 302.4 112.8
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DL 342 120 342 120 DL 345.6 120 345.6 120 DL 349.2 120 349.2 120 DL
352.8 120 352.8 120 DL 356.4 120 356.4 120 DL 360 120 360 120 DL 363.6
120 363.6 120 DL 367.2 120 367.2 120 DL 370.8 120 370.8 120 DL 374.4 120
374.4 120 DL 374.4 120 374.4 120 DL 374.4 116.4 374.4 116.4 DL 374.4
112.8 374.4 112.8 DL 374.4 109.2 374.4 109.2 DL 374.4 105.6 374.4 105.6
DL 374.4 102 374.4 102 DL 374.4 98.4 374.4 98.4 DL 374.4 94.8 374.4 94.8
DL 374.4 91.2 374.4 91.2 DL 374.4 87.6 374.4 87.6 DL 374.4 84 374.4 84
DL 374.4 84 374.4 84 DL 370.8 84 370.8 84 DL 367.2 84 367.2 84 DL 363.6
84 363.6 84 DL 360 84 360 84 DL 356.4 84 356.4 84 DL 352.8 84 352.8 84
DL 349.2 84 349.2 84 DL 345.6 84 345.6 84 DL 342 84 342 84 DL 338.4 84
338.4 84 DL 338.4 84 338.4 84 DL 338.4 87.6 338.4 87.6 DL 338.4 91.2
338.4 91.2 DL 338.4 94.8 338.4 94.8 DL 338.4 98.4 338.4 98.4 DL 338.4
102 338.4 102 DL 338.4 105.6 338.4 105.6 DL 338.4 109.2 338.4 109.2 DL
338.4 112.8 338.4 112.8 DL 338.4 116.4 338.4 116.4 DL 338.4 120 338.4
120 DL 374.4 120 374.4 120 DL 378 120 378 120 DL 381.6 120 381.6 120 DL
385.2 120 385.2 120 DL 388.8 120 388.8 120 DL 392.4 120 392.4 120 DL 396
120 396 120 DL 399.6 120 399.6 120 DL 403.2 120 403.2 120 DL 406.8 120
406.8 120 DL 410.4 120 410.4 120 DL 410.4 120 410.4 120 DL 410.4 116.4
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410.4 105.6 410.4 105.6 DL 410.4 102 410.4 102 DL 410.4 98.4 410.4 98.4
DL 410.4 94.8 410.4 94.8 DL 410.4 91.2 410.4 91.2 DL 410.4 87.6 410.4
87.6 DL 410.4 84 410.4 84 DL 410.4 84 410.4 84 DL 406.8 84 406.8 84 DL
403.2 84 403.2 84 DL 399.6 84 399.6 84 DL 396 84 396 84 DL 392.4 84
392.4 84 DL 388.8 84 388.8 84 DL 385.2 84 385.2 84 DL 381.6 84 381.6 84
DL 378 84 378 84 DL 374.4 84 374.4 84 DL 374.4 84 374.4 84 DL 374.4 87.6
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98.4 374.4 98.4 DL 374.4 102 374.4 102 DL 374.4 105.6 374.4 105.6 DL
374.4 109.2 374.4 109.2 DL 374.4 112.8 374.4 112.8 DL 374.4 116.4 374.4
116.4 DL 374.4 120 374.4 120 DL(arr)320.99 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H
2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1.5)-2.5 E 453.6 84 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864 3.528 RL CL 0 Fg
453.6 84 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864 3.528 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 460.584
85.728 597.6 120 DL 453.6 120 453.6 120 DL 457.2 120 457.2 120 DL 460.8
120 460.8 120 DL 464.4 120 464.4 120 DL 468 120 468 120 DL 471.6 120
471.6 120 DL 475.2 120 475.2 120 DL 478.8 120 478.8 120 DL 482.4 120
482.4 120 DL 486 120 486 120 DL 489.6 120 489.6 120 DL 489.6 120 489.6
120 DL 489.6 116.4 489.6 116.4 DL 489.6 112.8 489.6 112.8 DL 489.6 109.2
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98.4 489.6 98.4 DL 489.6 94.8 489.6 94.8 DL 489.6 91.2 489.6 91.2 DL
489.6 87.6 489.6 87.6 DL 489.6 84 489.6 84 DL 489.6 84 489.6 84 DL 486
84 486 84 DL 482.4 84 482.4 84 DL 478.8 84 478.8 84 DL 475.2 84 475.2 84
DL 471.6 84 471.6 84 DL 468 84 468 84 DL 464.4 84 464.4 84 DL 460.8 84
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DL 453.6 87.6 453.6 87.6 DL 453.6 91.2 453.6 91.2 DL 453.6 94.8 453.6
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453.6 105.6 DL 453.6 109.2 453.6 109.2 DL 453.6 112.8 453.6 112.8 DL
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493.2 120 493.2 120 DL 496.8 120 496.8 120 DL 500.4 120 500.4 120 DL 504
120 504 120 DL 507.6 120 507.6 120 DL 511.2 120 511.2 120 DL 514.8 120
514.8 120 DL 518.4 120 518.4 120 DL 522 120 522 120 DL 525.6 120 525.6
120 DL 525.6 120 525.6 120 DL 525.6 116.4 525.6 116.4 DL 525.6 112.8
525.6 112.8 DL 525.6 109.2 525.6 109.2 DL 525.6 105.6 525.6 105.6 DL
525.6 102 525.6 102 DL 525.6 98.4 525.6 98.4 DL 525.6 94.8 525.6 94.8 DL
525.6 91.2 525.6 91.2 DL 525.6 87.6 525.6 87.6 DL 525.6 84 525.6 84 DL
525.6 84 525.6 84 DL 522 84 522 84 DL 518.4 84 518.4 84 DL 514.8 84
514.8 84 DL 511.2 84 511.2 84 DL 507.6 84 507.6 84 DL 504 84 504 84 DL
500.4 84 500.4 84 DL 496.8 84 496.8 84 DL 493.2 84 493.2 84 DL 489.6 84
489.6 84 DL 489.6 84 489.6 84 DL 489.6 87.6 489.6 87.6 DL 489.6 91.2
489.6 91.2 DL 489.6 94.8 489.6 94.8 DL 489.6 98.4 489.6 98.4 DL 489.6
102 489.6 102 DL 489.6 105.6 489.6 105.6 DL 489.6 109.2 489.6 109.2 DL
489.6 112.8 489.6 112.8 DL 489.6 116.4 489.6 116.4 DL 489.6 120 489.6
120 DL 525.6 120 525.6 120 DL 529.2 120 529.2 120 DL 532.8 120 532.8 120
DL 536.4 120 536.4 120 DL 540 120 540 120 DL 543.6 120 543.6 120 DL
547.2 120 547.2 120 DL 550.8 120 550.8 120 DL 554.4 120 554.4 120 DL 558
120 558 120 DL 561.6 120 561.6 120 DL 561.6 120 561.6 120 DL 561.6 116.4
561.6 116.4 DL 561.6 112.8 561.6 112.8 DL 561.6 109.2 561.6 109.2 DL
561.6 105.6 561.6 105.6 DL 561.6 102 561.6 102 DL 561.6 98.4 561.6 98.4
DL 561.6 94.8 561.6 94.8 DL 561.6 91.2 561.6 91.2 DL 561.6 87.6 561.6
87.6 DL 561.6 84 561.6 84 DL 561.6 84 561.6 84 DL 558 84 558 84 DL 554.4
84 554.4 84 DL 550.8 84 550.8 84 DL 547.2 84 547.2 84 DL 543.6 84 543.6
84 DL 540 84 540 84 DL 536.4 84 536.4 84 DL 532.8 84 532.8 84 DL 529.2
84 529.2 84 DL 525.6 84 525.6 84 DL 525.6 84 525.6 84 DL 525.6 87.6
525.6 87.6 DL 525.6 91.2 525.6 91.2 DL 525.6 94.8 525.6 94.8 DL 525.6
98.4 525.6 98.4 DL 525.6 102 525.6 102 DL 525.6 105.6 525.6 105.6 DL
525.6 109.2 525.6 109.2 DL 525.6 112.8 525.6 112.8 DL 525.6 116.4 525.6
116.4 DL 525.6 120 525.6 120 DL 561.6 120 561.6 120 DL 565.2 120 565.2
120 DL 568.8 120 568.8 120 DL 572.4 120 572.4 120 DL 576 120 576 120 DL
579.6 120 579.6 120 DL 583.2 120 583.2 120 DL 586.8 120 586.8 120 DL
590.4 120 590.4 120 DL 594 120 594 120 DL 597.6 120 597.6 120 DL 597.6
120 597.6 120 DL 597.6 116.4 597.6 116.4 DL 597.6 112.8 597.6 112.8 DL
597.6 109.2 597.6 109.2 DL 597.6 105.6 597.6 105.6 DL 597.6 102 597.6
102 DL 597.6 98.4 597.6 98.4 DL 597.6 94.8 597.6 94.8 DL 597.6 91.2
597.6 91.2 DL 597.6 87.6 597.6 87.6 DL 597.6 84 597.6 84 DL 597.6 84
597.6 84 DL 594 84 594 84 DL 590.4 84 590.4 84 DL 586.8 84 586.8 84 DL
583.2 84 583.2 84 DL 579.6 84 579.6 84 DL 576 84 576 84 DL 572.4 84
572.4 84 DL 568.8 84 568.8 84 DL 565.2 84 565.2 84 DL 561.6 84 561.6 84
DL 561.6 84 561.6 84 DL 561.6 87.6 561.6 87.6 DL 561.6 91.2 561.6 91.2
DL 561.6 94.8 561.6 94.8 DL 561.6 98.4 561.6 98.4 DL 561.6 102 561.6 102
DL 561.6 105.6 561.6 105.6 DL 561.6 109.2 561.6 109.2 DL 561.6 112.8
561.6 112.8 DL 561.6 116.4 561.6 116.4 DL 561.6 120 561.6 120 DL(arr)
493.94 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 2)-2.5 E F0
(Figure 5-1: Diagonal arro)138.76 161 Q(ws \(dotted box)-.25 E(es sho)
-.15 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he implied 0.5-inch grid\))-2.5 E F1 2.5
(5.2. Multi-Segment)72 197 R(Line Objects)2.5 E F0 3.144<4199>97 212.6 S
.644(line\232 or \231arro)-3.144 F .644
(w\232 object may actually be a path consisting of an)-.25 F 3.143(yn)
-.15 G .643(umber of se)-3.143 F .643(gments of v)-.15 F(arying)-.25 E
(lengths and directions.)72 224.6 Q 1.6 -.8(To d)5 H
(escribe a path, connect se).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral line or arro).15 E
2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommands with the k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1
E F1(then)2.5 E F0(.)A 324 242.6 252 242.6 DL 252 278.6 324 242.6 DL 324
278.6 252 278.6 DL(Figure 5-2:)174.3 301.6 Q F1(line right 1 then do)2.5
E(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0 .568(If a path starts with)97 329.2
R F1(then)3.068 E F0 3.068(,t)C .568(he \214rst se)-3.068 F .569
(gment is assumed to be into the current direction, using the de-)-.15 F
-.1(fa)72 341.2 S(ult length.).1 E F1 2.5(5.3. Spline)72 365.2 R
(Objects)2.5 E F0 .311(If you start a path with the)97 380.8 R F1
(spline)2.811 E F0 -.1(ke)2.811 G(yw)-.05 E .311(ord, the path v)-.1 F
.31(ertices are treated as control points for a spline)-.15 F(curv)72
392.8 Q 2.5<658c>-.15 G(t.)-2.5 E 190.8 410.8 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18
RC -24 12 -24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(The spline curv)189.8 463.4 Q(e...)
-.15 E 309.6 410.8 306 410.8 DL 317.232 410.8 313.632 410.8 DL 324.792
410.8 321.192 410.8 DL 332.424 410.8 328.824 410.8 DL 339.984 410.8
336.384 410.8 DL 347.616 410.8 344.016 410.8 DL 355.176 410.8 351.576
410.8 DL 362.808 410.8 359.208 410.8 DL 370.368 410.8 366.768 410.8 DL
378 410.8 374.4 410.8 DL 374.76 412.384 378 410.8 DL 368.496 415.48
371.736 413.896 DL 362.232 418.648 365.472 417.064 DL 355.968 421.744
359.208 420.16 DL 349.776 424.912 353.016 423.328 DL 343.512 428.008
346.752 426.424 DL 337.248 431.176 340.488 429.592 DL 330.984 434.272
334.224 432.688 DL 324.72 437.368 327.96 435.784 DL 318.456 440.536
321.696 438.952 DL 312.264 443.632 315.504 442.048 DL 306 446.8 309.24
445.216 DL 309.6 446.8 306 446.8 DL 317.232 446.8 313.632 446.8 DL
324.792 446.8 321.192 446.8 DL 332.424 446.8 328.824 446.8 DL 339.984
446.8 336.384 446.8 DL 347.616 446.8 344.016 446.8 DL 355.176 446.8
351.576 446.8 DL 362.808 446.8 359.208 446.8 DL 370.368 446.8 366.768
446.8 DL 378 446.8 374.4 446.8 DL 306 410.8 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18 RC
-24 12 -24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(1)296.3 413 Q(2)382.7 413 Q(3)296.3 449
Q(4)382.7 449 Q(...with tangents displayed)291.03 463.4 Q(Figure 5-3:)
169.575 484.2 Q F1(spline right 1 then do)2.5 E
(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97 511.8 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G
(an describe man)-2.5 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G(atural-looking b)-2.5 E(ut irre)
-.2 E(gular curv)-.15 E(es this w)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E 5(.F)-.65 G(or e)-5.15
E(xample:)-.15 E 156.384 561.336 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg
156.384 561.336 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST 156.384
561.336 MT 18 0 RL 12 0 18 -6 18 -18 RC 0 -12 -6 -18 -18 -18 RC -12 0
-18 5.88 -18 17.64 RC 0 17.64 RL .4 LW ST F1
(spline right then up then left then do)80.457 577.864 Q(wn ->;)-.1 E
(spline left then up right then do)295.347 577.864 Q(wn right ->;)-.1 E
419.616 561.336 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 419.616
561.336 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST 383.616
561.336 MT -18 0 RL -12 0 -12 -6 0 -18 RC 12 -12 23.916 -12.084 35.748
-.252 RC 17.748 17.748 RL .4 LW ST F0(Figure 5-4: T)210.895 598.664 Q .2
-.1(wo m)-.8 H(ore spline e).1 E(xamples)-.15 E .646(Note the arro)72
626.264 R 3.146(wd)-.25 G 3.146(ecorations. Arro)-3.146 F .646
(wheads can be applied naturally to an)-.25 F 3.146(yp)-.15 G .646
(ath-based object, line or spline.)-3.146 F -.8(We)72 638.264 S -.1('l)
.8 G 2.5(ls).1 G(ee ho)-2.5 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he ne)-2.5 E
(xt section.)-.15 E F1 2.5(6. Decorating)72 662.264 R(Objects)2.5 E 2.5
(6.1. T)72 686.264 R(ext Special Effects)-.92 E F0(All)97 701.864 Q F1
(pic)2.5 E F0(implementations support the follo)2.5 E
(wing font-styling escapes within te)-.25 E(xt objects:)-.15 E
(\\fR, \\f1)72 717.464 Q(Set Roman style \(the def)97 729.464 Q(ault\))
-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-8-)282.17 48 Q(\\fI, \\f2)72 84 Q
(Set Italic style)97 96 Q(\\fB, \\f3)72 111.6 Q(Set Bold style)97 123.6
Q(\\fP)72 139.2 Q(Re)97 151.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rt to pre).15 E
(vious style; only w)-.25 E(orks one le)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ld).15
G(eep, does not stack.)-2.5 E .708(In the)97 166.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(pic)3.208 E F0 .707
(implementations that are preprocessors for a toolchain that include)
3.207 F F1([gtn]r)3.207 E(off)-.18 E F0 3.207(,t)C -.15(ex)-3.207 G
3.207(to).15 G(bjects)-3.207 E .021(may also contain)72 178.8 R F1
([gtn]r)2.521 E(off)-.18 E F0 -.15(ve)2.521 G .021
(rtical- and horizontal-motion escapes such as \\h or \\v).15 F 5.022
(.T)-.65 G(rof)-5.372 E 2.522(fs)-.25 G .022(pecial glyphs are)-2.522 F
.77(also a)72 190.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.27(ilable. All).25 F .77
(\\-escapes will be passed through to the postprocessing stage and ha)
3.27 F 1.07 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .77(heir normal ef-).15 F 2.5(fects. The)72
202.8 R(base font f)2.5 E(amily is set by the)-.1 E F1([gtn]r)2.5 E(off)
-.18 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment at the time the picture is rendered.)-.4 E
F1(pic2plot)97 218.4 Q F0(replaces)3.189 E F1([gtn]r)3.189 E(off)-.18 E
F0 .689(horizontal- and v)3.189 F .689
(ertical-motion escapes with \\-escapes of its o)-.15 F 3.19(wn. T)-.25
F(rof)-.35 E(f)-.25 E .502(special glyphs are not a)72 230.4 R -.25(va)
-.2 G .502(ilable, b).25 F .502(ut in most back ends Latin-1 special ch\
aracters and a square-root radical)-.2 F(will be.)72 242.4 Q(See the)5 E
F1(pic2plot)2.5 E F0(documentation for full details.)2.5 E F1 2.5
(6.2. Dashed)72 266.4 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 -.8(We)97 282 S -1.65 -.5('v e)
.8 H 1.399(already seen that the modi\214er)4.399 F F1(dashed)3.899 E F0
1.4(can change the line style of an object from solid to)3.899 F 3.332
(dashed. GNU)72 294 R F1(gpic)3.332 E F0 .831(permits you to dot or das\
h ellipses, circles, and arcs \(and splines in T)3.332 F(E)-1.667 2.24 M
3.331(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O .831(ode only\);)-3.331 F .312(some v)72 306 R
.312(ersions of D)-.15 F .312
(WB may only permit dashing of lines and box)-.3 F 2.812(es. It')-.15 F
2.812(sp)-.55 G .313(ossible to change the dash inter)-2.812 F(-)-.2 E
-.25(va)72 318 S 2.5(lb).25 G 2.5(ys)-2.5 G
(pecifying a number after the modi\214er)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E .4 LW 84.6
375.6 81 375.6 DL 91.8 375.6 88.2 375.6 DL 99 375.6 95.4 375.6 DL 106.2
375.6 102.6 375.6 DL 113.4 375.6 109.8 375.6 DL 120.6 375.6 117 375.6 DL
127.8 375.6 124.2 375.6 DL 135 375.6 131.4 375.6 DL 135 372 135 375.6 DL
135 365.52 135 369.12 DL 135 359.04 135 362.64 DL 135 352.56 135 356.16
DL 135 346.08 135 349.68 DL 135 339.6 135 343.2 DL 131.4 339.6 135 339.6
DL 124.2 339.6 127.8 339.6 DL 117 339.6 120.6 339.6 DL 109.8 339.6 113.4
339.6 DL 102.6 339.6 106.2 339.6 DL 95.4 339.6 99 339.6 DL 88.2 339.6
91.8 339.6 DL 81 339.6 84.6 339.6 DL 81 343.2 81 339.6 DL 81 349.68 81
346.08 DL 81 356.16 81 352.56 DL 81 362.64 81 359.04 DL 81 369.12 81
365.52 DL 81 375.6 81 372 DL(def)94.165 359.8 Q(ault)-.1 E 174.6 375.6
171 375.6 DL 181.8 375.6 178.2 375.6 DL 189 375.6 185.4 375.6 DL 196.2
375.6 192.6 375.6 DL 203.4 375.6 199.8 375.6 DL 210.6 375.6 207 375.6 DL
217.8 375.6 214.2 375.6 DL 225 375.6 221.4 375.6 DL 225 372 225 375.6 DL
225 365.52 225 369.12 DL 225 359.04 225 362.64 DL 225 352.56 225 356.16
DL 225 346.08 225 349.68 DL 225 339.6 225 343.2 DL 221.4 339.6 225 339.6
DL 214.2 339.6 217.8 339.6 DL 207 339.6 210.6 339.6 DL 199.8 339.6 203.4
339.6 DL 192.6 339.6 196.2 339.6 DL 185.4 339.6 189 339.6 DL 178.2 339.6
181.8 339.6 DL 171 339.6 174.6 339.6 DL 171 343.2 171 339.6 DL 171
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(Prede\214ned color names for)97 430 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF([gtn]r)
2.532 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0(-based)1.96 E F1(pic)2.532 E F0 .032
(implementations are de\214ned in the de)2.532 F .033
(vice macro \214les,)-.25 F .206(for e)72 442 R(xample)-.15 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(ps.tmac)2.706 E F0 2.706(;a)C .206
(dditional colors can be de\214ned with the)-2.706 F F1(.defcolor)2.706
E F0 .205(request \(see the manual page of)2.705 F(GNU)72 454 Q F2(tr)
2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0(\(1\) for more details\).)1.96 E(Currently)5
E 2.5(,c)-.65 G(olor support is not a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable at all in T).25 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.5(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O(ode.)-2.5
E(The)97 469.6 Q F2(pic2plot)3.279 E F0 .779(\(1\) carries with its o)
.68 F .78
(wn set of color names, essentially those recognized by the X win-)-.25
F(do)72 481.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(ystem with \231gre)-2.5 E
(y\232 accepted as a v)-.15 E(ariant of \231gray\232.)-.25 E F1(pic)97
497.2 Q F0(assumes that at the be)2.5 E
(ginning of a picture both glyph and \214ll color are set to the def)
-.15 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(7. Mor)72 521.2 R 2.5(eA)-.18 G
(bout T)-2.5 E(ext Placement)-.92 E F0 .758(By def)97 536.8 R .757
(ault, te)-.1 F .757(xt is centered at the geometric center of the obje\
ct it is associated with.)-.15 F .757(The modi\214er)5.757 F F1(ljust)72
548.8 Q F0 .302(causes the left end to be at the speci\214ed point \(wh\
ich means that the te)2.802 F .303(xt lies to the right of the speci-)
-.15 F .734(\214ed place!\), the modi\214er)72 560.8 R F1(rjust)3.234 E
F0 .733(puts the right end at the place.)3.234 F .733(The modi\214ers)
5.733 F F1(abo)3.233 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0(and)3.333 E F1(belo)3.233 E(w)-.1
E F0 .733(center the)3.233 F(te)72 572.8 Q
(xt one half line space in the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nd).15 G
(irection.)-2.5 E -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 588.4 T 2.5(ta).7 G(ttrib)-2.5 E
(utes can be combined:)-.2 E 126 606.4 126 642.4 DL(ljust te)126 626.6 Q
(xt)-.15 E 234 606.4 234 642.4 DL(rjust te)198.87 626.6 Q(xt)-.15 E 342
624.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 342 624.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 334.8 624.4 270 624.4 DL(ljust abo)306 620.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 450 624.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 450 624.4 MT
-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 442.8 624.4 378 624.4 DL
(rjust belo)369.53 632.6 Q(w)-.25 E(Figure 7-1: T)235.89 665.4 Q -.15
(ex)-.7 G 2.5(ta).15 G(ttrib)-2.5 E(utes)-.2 E .204
(What actually happens is that)97 693 R F2(n)2.704 E F0(te)2.704 E .204
(xt strings are centered in a box that is)-.15 F F1(textwid)2.704 E F0
.205(wide by)2.705 F F1(textht)2.705 E F0(high.)2.705 E .587
(Both these v)72 705 R .586(ariables are initially zero \(that is)-.25 F
F1(pic)3.086 E F0 1.686 -.55('s w)D .586
(ay of not making assumptions about).45 F F2([tg]r)3.086 E(of)-.45 E(f)
-.18 E F0(\(1\)')1.96 E 3.086(sd)-.55 G(e-)-3.086 E -.1(fa)72 717 S
(ult point size\).).1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-11-)279.67 48 Q .168(In GNU)97 84 R/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(gpic)2.668 E F0 2.668(,o)C .169(bjects can ha)-2.668 F
.469 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E F1(aligned)2.669 E F0(attrib)2.669 E 2.669
(ute. This)-.2 F .169(only w)2.669 F .169(orks if the postprocessor is)
-.1 F F1(gr)2.669 E(ops)-.18 E F0(or)2.669 E F1(gr)72 96 Q(opdf)-.18 E
F0 5.81(.A)C 1.11 -.15(ny t)-5.81 H -.15(ex).15 G 3.31(ta).15 G .81
(ssociated with an object ha)-3.31 F .809(ving the)-.2 F F1(aligned)
3.309 E F0(attrib)3.309 E .809(ute is rotated about the center of the)
-.2 F .369(object so that it is aligned in the direction from the start\
point to the end point of the object.)72 108 R .37(Note that this)5.37
F(attrib)72 120 Q(ute has no ef)-.2 E
(fect for objects whose start and end points are coincident.)-.25 E F1
2.5(8. Mor)72 144 R 2.5(eA)-.18 G(bout Dir)-2.5 E(ection Changes)-.18 E
F0 -.8(We)97 159.6 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H .871(already seen ho)3.871 F
3.371(wt)-.25 G 3.371(oc)-3.371 G .871
(hange the direction in which objects are composed from rightw)-3.371 F
.87(ards to)-.1 F(do)72 171.6 Q(wnw)-.25 E 2.5(ards. Here)-.1 F
(are some more illustrati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.25 H(amples:).15 E F1
(right; box; arr)204.365 191.8 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E
(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E 234 240 MT 0
-36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST 270 222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL
0 Fg 270 222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 262.8 222
234 222 DL 288 222 18 DC ST 342 222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 342
222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 334.8 222 306 222 DL
54 36 369 222 DE ST(left; box; arr)207.98 263.8 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c)
.1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E
396 312 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 306 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6
RL CL 0 Fg 306 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 313.2
294 342 294 DL 288 294 18 DC ST 234 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL 0 Fg
234 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 241.2 294 270 294
DL 54 36 207 294 DE ST F0(Figure 8-1: Ef)159.8 335 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E
(ferent motion directions \(right and left\))-.25 E F1(do)102.635 367.2
Q(wn; box; arr)-.1 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; arr)-.18 E
-.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)-2.5 E 216 415.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL ST 189 451.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 189 451.4 MT
-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 189 444.2 189 415.4 DL 189
469.4 18 DC ST 189 523.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 189 523.4 MT
-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 189 516.2 189 487.4 DL 54
36 189 541.4 DE ST 414 559.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 387
487.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 387 487.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL
CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 387 494.6 387 523.4 DL 387 469.4 18 DC ST 387
415.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 387 415.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL
CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 387 422.6 387 451.4 DL 54 36 387 397.4 DE ST
(up; box; arr)306.695 367.2 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E
(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)-2.5 E F0
(Figure 8-2: Ef)159.925 582.4 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E
(ferent motion directions \(up and do)-.25 E(wn\))-.25 E(Something that\
may appear surprising happens if you change directions in the ob)97 610
Q(vious w)-.15 E(ay:)-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-12-)279.67 48 Q 265.5 120 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST 301.5 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 301.5 102
MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 294.3 102 265.5 102 DL
319.5 102 18 DC ST 337.5 138 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 337.5 138
MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 337.5 130.8 337.5 102 DL
54 36 337.5 156 DE ST(Figure 8-3:)179.69 197 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(box; arr)2.5 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; do)-.18 E
(wn; arr)-.1 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E F0 -1.1(Yo)72
224.6 S 2.5(um)1.1 G(ight ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H
(pected that program to yield this:).15 E 274.5 278.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0
RL 0 36 RL CL ST 310.5 260.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 310.5
260.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 303.3 260.6 274.5
260.6 DL 328.5 260.6 18 DC ST 328.5 314.6 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0
Fg 328.5 314.6 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 328.5
307.4 328.5 278.6 DL 54 36 328.5 332.6 DE ST(Figure 8-4: More intuiti)
233.62 373.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(?).15 E(But, in f)72 401.2 Q
(act, to get Figure 8.3 you ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(od).15 G 2.5
(ot)-2.5 G(his:)-2.5 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 419.2 Q(box;)108 431.2
Q(arrow;)108 443.2 Q(circle;)108 455.2 Q(move to last circle .s;)108
467.2 Q(down;)108 479.2 Q(arrow;)108 491.2 Q(ellipse)108 503.2 Q(.PE)108
515.2 Q F0(Wh)72 536.8 Q 2.891(yi)-.05 G 2.891(st)-2.891 G 2.891
(his? Because)-2.891 F .391(the e)2.891 F .391
(xit point for the current direction is already set when you dra)-.15 F
2.891(wt)-.15 G .391(he object.)-2.891 F(The)5.392 E .06(second arro)72
548.8 R 2.56(wi)-.25 G 2.56(nF)-2.56 G .06(igure 8.2 dropped do)-2.56 F
(wnw)-.25 E .059(ards from the circle')-.1 F 2.559(sa)-.55 G .059
(ttachment point for an object to be joined)-2.559 F(to the right.)72
560.8 Q .19(The meaning of the command)97 576.4 R F1(mo)2.69 E .39 -.1
(ve t)-.1 H 2.69(ol).1 G .19(ast cir)-2.69 F .19(cle .s)-.18 F F0 .19
(should be ob)2.69 F 2.69(vious. In)-.15 F .19(order to see ho)2.69 F
2.69(wi)-.25 G 2.69(tg)-2.69 G(ener)-2.69 E(-)-.2 E(alizes, we')72 588.4
Q(ll need to go into detail on tw)-.1 E 2.5(oi)-.1 G
(mportant topics; locations and object names.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(9. Naming)72
612.4 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .436(The most natural w)97 628 R .436
(ay to name locations in)-.1 F F1(pic)2.936 E F0 .436(is relati)2.936 F
.736 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.936(oo).15 G 2.936(bjects. In)-2.936 F .436
(order to do this, you ha)2.936 F .736 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(o).15 E .386
(be able to name objects.)72 640 R(The)5.386 E F1(pic)2.886 E F0 .386
(language has rich f)2.886 F .386
(acilities for this that try to emulate the syntax of Eng-)-.1 F(lish.)
72 652 Q F1 2.5(9.1. Naming)72 676 R(Objects By Order Of Drawing)2.5 E
F0 .304(The simplest \(and generally the most useful\) w)97 691.6 R .304
(ay to name an object is with a)-.1 F F1(last)2.803 E F0 2.803
(clause. It)2.803 F .303(needs to)2.803 F .497(be follo)72 703.6 R .497
(wed by an object type name;)-.25 F F1(box)2.997 E F0(,)A F1(cir)2.997 E
(cle)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(ellipse)2.997 E F0(,)A F1(line)2.997 E F0(,)A F1
(arr)2.997 E -.1(ow)-.18 G F0(,).1 E F1(spline)2.997 E F0(,)A F1("")
2.998 E F0 2.998(,o)C(r)-2.998 E F1([])2.998 E F0 .498
(\(the last type refers)2.998 F .51(to a)72 715.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0
SF .51(composite object)3.01 F F0 .51(which we')3.01 F .51
(ll discuss later\).)-.1 F .51(So, for e)5.51 F .51(xample, the)-.15 F
F1 .51(last cir)3.01 F(cle)-.18 E F0 .51(clause in the program at-)3.01
F(tached to Figure 9.1.3 refers to the last circle dra)72 727.6 Q(wn.)
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-13-)279.67 48 Q .768(More generally)97 84 R
3.268(,o)-.65 G .768(bjects of a gi)-3.268 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.268(nt).15
G .768(ype are implicitly numbered \(starting from 1\).)-3.268 F -1.1
(Yo)5.768 G 3.268(uc)1.1 G .769(an refer to)-3.268 F .083
(\(say\) the third ellipse in the current picture with)72 96 R/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF .083(3rd ellipse)2.583 F F0 2.583(,o)C 2.583(rt)-2.583
G 2.583(ot)-2.583 G .082(he \214rst box as)-2.583 F F1 .082(1st box)
2.582 F F0 2.582(,o)C 2.582(rt)-2.582 G 2.582(ot)-2.582 G .082
(he \214fth te)-2.582 F(xt)-.15 E(string \(which isn')72 108 Q 2.5(ta)
-.18 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(ttrib)-2.5 E(ute to another object\) as)-.2 E F1
(5th "")2.5 E F0(.)A .186(Objects are also numbered backw)97 123.6 R
.186(ards by type from the last one.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.186 G 2.686(uc)1.1
G .186(an say)-2.686 F F1 .187(2nd last box)2.687 F F0 .187(to get the)
2.687 F(second-to-last box, or)72 135.6 Q F1(3rd last ellipse)2.5 E F0
(to get the third-to-last ellipse.)2.5 E .451(In places where)97 151.2 R
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.951 E F1(th).24 E F0 .451(is allo)2.951 F
(wed,)-.25 E F1(`)2.951 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1('th).73 E F0 .451
(is also allo)2.951 F 2.951(wed. Note)-.25 F(that)2.95 E F1('th)2.95 E
F0 .45(is a single tok)2.95 F .45(en: no space is)-.1 F(allo)72 163.2 Q
(wed between the)-.25 E F1(')2.5 E F0(and the)2.5 E F1(th)2.5 E F0 5(.F)
C(or e)-5.15 E(xample,)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(for i = 1 to 4 do {)133
184.8 Q(line from `i'th box.nw to `i+1'th box.se)151 196.8 Q(})133 208.8
Q F1 2.5(9.2. Naming)72 238.8 R(Objects W)2.5 E(ith Labels)-.18 E F0
-1.1(Yo)97 254.4 S 3.338(uc)1.1 G .838
(an also specify an object by referring to a label.)-3.338 F 3.338(Al)
5.838 G .838(abel is a w)-3.338 F .838(ord \(which must be)-.1 F .838
(gin with a)-.15 F .26(capital letter\) follo)72 266.4 R .26(wed by a c\
olon; you declare it by placing it immediately before the object dra)
-.25 F .26(wing com-)-.15 F 2.5(mand. F)72 278.4 R(or e)-.15 E
(xample, the program)-.15 E F3(.PS)108 296.4 Q(A: box "first" "object")
108 308.4 Q(move;)108 320.4 Q(B: ellipse "second" "object")108 332.4 Q
(move;)108 344.4 Q(arrow right at A .r;)108 356.4 Q(.PE)108 368.4 Q F0
(declares labels)72 390 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(B)2.5 E F0
(for its \214rst and second objects.)2.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sw)-.55 G
(hat that looks lik)-2.5 E(e:)-.1 E 252 444 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL
CL .4 LW ST(\214rst)217.22 422.2 Q(object)212.78 434.2 Q 54 36 315 426
DE ST(second)301.115 422.2 Q(object)302.78 434.2 Q 288 426 MT -7.2 1.8
RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 288 426 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST
.4 LW 280.8 426 252 426 DL(Figure 9-1: Example of label use)222.315 467
Q(The)72 491 Q F1(at)3.531 E F0 1.031
(statement in the fourth line uses the label)3.531 F F1(A)3.531 E F0
1.031(\(the beha)3.531 F 1.031(vior of)-.2 F F1(at)3.531 E F0 1.031
(is e)3.531 F 1.031(xplained in the ne)-.15 F 1.031(xt section\).)-.15 F
-.8(We)72 503 S -.1('l).8 G 2.5(ls).1 G(ee later on that labels are mos\
t useful for referring to block composite objects.)-2.5 E 1.225
(Labels are not constants b)97 518.6 R 1.225(ut v)-.2 F 1.225
(ariables \(you can vie)-.25 F 3.725(wc)-.25 G 1.225
(olon as a sort of assignment\).)-3.725 F -1.1(Yo)6.224 G 3.724(uc)1.1 G
1.224(an say)-3.724 F .241(something lik)72 530.6 R(e)-.1 E F1 .241
(A: A + \(1,0\);)2.741 F F0 .242(and the ef)2.742 F .242
(fect is to reassign the label)-.25 F F1(A)2.742 E F0 .242
(to designate a position one inch to the)2.742 F(right of its old v)72
542.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(10. Describing)72 566.6 R(locations)2.5 E F0
.377(The location of points can be described in man)97 582.2 R 2.877(yd)
-.15 G(if)-2.877 E .377(ferent w)-.25 F 2.876(ays. All)-.1 F .376
(these forms are interchangeable)2.876 F .58(as for as the)72 594.2 R F1
(pic)3.08 E F0 .58
(language syntax is concerned; where you can use one, an)3.08 F 3.081
(yo)-.15 G 3.081(ft)-3.081 G .581(he others that w)-3.081 F .581
(ould mak)-.1 F(e)-.1 E(semantic sense are allo)72 606.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E
(The special label)97 621.8 Q F1(Her)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)2.5 E -.1(wa)
-.1 G(ys refers to the current position.).1 E F1 2.5(10.1. Absolute)72
645.8 R(Coordinates)2.5 E F0 .07
(The simplest is absolute coordinates in inches;)97 661.4 R F1(pic)2.57
E F0 .069(uses a Cartesian system with \(0,0\) at the lo)2.569 F .069
(wer left)-.25 F .592(corner of the virtual dra)72 673.4 R .592
(wing surf)-.15 F .593(ace for each picture \(that is, X increases to t\
he right and Y increases up-)-.1 F -.1(wa)72 685.4 S 3.947(rds\). An).1
F 1.447(absolute location may al)3.947 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.446
(ys be written in the con).1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.446(ntional form as tw)
.15 F 3.946(oc)-.1 G(omma-separated)-3.946 E .538(numbers surrounded by\
parentheses \(and this is recommended for clarity\).)72 697.4 R .539
(In conte)5.539 F .539(xts where it creates no)-.15 F(ambiguity)72 709.4
Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he pair of X and Y coordinates suf)-2.5 E
(\214ces without parentheses.)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-14-)279.67 48 Q .035(It is a good idea to a)97
84 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .034(id absolute coordinates, ho).2 F(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.634 -.55(r. T).15 H(he).55 E 2.534(yt)-.15 G .034
(end to mak)-2.534 F 2.534(ep)-.1 G .034(icture descriptions dif)-2.534
F<8c2d>-.25 E .132(cult to understand and modify)72 96 R 5.133(.I)-.65 G
.133(nstead, there are quite a number of w)-5.133 F .133
(ays to specify locations relati)-.1 F .433 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(o).15 E/F1
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.633 E F0(objects and pre)72 108 Q
(vious locations.)-.25 E .502(Another possibility of surprise is the f)
97 123.6 R .501(act that)-.1 F F1(pic)3.001 E F0 .501
(crops the picture to the smallest bounding box be-)3.001 F .167
(fore writing it out.)72 135.6 R -.15(Fo)5.167 G 2.667(re).15 G .167
(xample, if you ha)-2.817 F .467 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H .167
(icture consisting of a small box with its lo).15 F .168
(wer left corner at)-.25 F .451(\(2,2\) and another small box with its \
upper right corner at \(5,5\), the width and height of the image are bo\
th)72 147.6 R 2.647(3u)72 159.6 S .147(nits and not 5.)-2.647 F 1.747
-.8(To g)5.147 H .147
(et the origin at \(0,0\) included, simply add an in).8 F .147
(visible object to the picture, position-)-.4 F(ing the object')72 171.6
Q 2.5(sl)-.55 G(eft corner at \(0,0\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.2. Locations)72
195.6 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1 G(bjects)-2.5 E F0 .607
(The symbol)97 211.2 R F1(Her)3.107 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)3.107 E -.1(wa)-.1
G .607(ys refers to the position of the last object dra).1 F .606
(wn or the destination of the last)-.15 F F1(mo)72 223.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G
F0(.).1 E 1.112(Alone and unquali\214ed, a)97 238.8 R F1 1.112(last cir)
3.612 F(cle)-.18 E F0 1.112(or an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 1.113(ther w)
-3.612 F 1.113(ay of specifying a closed-object or arc location)-.1 F
.753(refers as a position to the geometric center of the object.)72
250.8 R .752(Unquali\214ed, the name of a line or spline object)5.753 F
(refers to the position of the object start.)72 262.8 Q(Also,)97 278.4 Q
F1(pic)3.015 E F0 .516(objects ha)3.015 F .816 -.15(ve q)-.2 H .516
(uite a fe).15 F 3.016(wn)-.25 G .516
(amed locations associated with them.)-3.016 F .516
(One of these is the object)5.516 F(center)72 290.4 Q 2.771(,w)-.4 G
.271(hich can be indicated \(redundantly\) with the suf)-2.771 F<8c78>
-.25 E F1(.center)2.771 E F0 .27(\(or just)2.771 F F1(.c)2.77 E F0 2.77
(\). Thus,)B F1 .27(last cir)2.77 F .27(cle .center)-.18 F F0(is)2.77 E
(equi)72 302.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(last cir)2.5 E(cle)-.18
E F0(.)A F1 2.5(10.2.1. Locations)72 326.4 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)
-.1 H 2.5(oC).1 G(losed Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 342 Q .931(ery closed o\
bject \(box, circle, ellipse, or block composite\) also has eight compa\
ss points associ-)-.15 F(ated with it;)72 354 Q 213.12 445.44 MT 0 -72
RL -108 0 RL 0 72 RL CL .4 LW ST 159.12 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 159.12
409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST F1(.c)161.62 411.64 Q 159.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0.5
Fg 159.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)155.09 369.64 Q 213.12 373.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 213.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)208.12 369.64 Q 213.12
409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 213.12 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)215.62 411.64 Q
213.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 213.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)208.955
453.64 Q 159.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 159.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)
155.925 453.64 Q 105.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 105.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg
ST(.sw)97.065 453.64 Q 105.12 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 105.12 409.44 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(.w)92.9 411.64 Q 105.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 105.12 373.44
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.nw)96.23 369.64 Q 288 409.44 36 DC ST 288 409.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 288 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.c)290.5 411.64 Q 288 373.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 288 373.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)283.97 369.64 Q 313.488 383.952
1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 313.488 383.952 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)308.488 380.152 Q 324
409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 324 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)326.5 411.64 Q
313.488 434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 313.488 434.928 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)
309.323 443.128 Q 288 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 288 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.s)284.805 453.64 Q 262.512 434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 262.512 434.928 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)254.457 443.128 Q 252 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 252 409.44
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)239.78 411.64 Q 262.512 383.952 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
262.512 383.952 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.nw)253.622 380.152 Q 108 72 416.88
409.44 DE ST 416.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 416.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.c)419.38 411.64 Q 416.88 373.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 416.88 373.44 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST(.n)412.85 369.64 Q 455.04 383.952 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 455.04 383.952
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)450.04 380.152 Q 470.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 470.88
409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)473.38 411.64 Q 455.04 434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
455.04 434.928 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)450.875 443.128 Q 416.88 445.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 416.88 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)413.685 453.64 Q 378.72
434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 378.72 434.928 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)370.665
443.128 Q 362.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 362.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)
350.66 411.64 Q 378.72 383.952 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 378.72 383.952 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST(.nw)369.83 380.152 Q F0(Figure 10-1: Compass points)230.08 469.88
Q .588(these are the locations where eight compass rays from the geomet\
ric center w)72 497.48 R .588(ould intersect the \214gure.)-.1 F(So)
5.588 E .421(when we say)72 509.48 R F1 .421(last cir)2.921 F .421
(cle .s)-.18 F F0 .421
(we are referring to the south compass point of the last circle dra)
2.921 F 2.921(wn. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.921 G(pla-).15 E
(nation of Figure 8-3')72 521.48 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G(rogram is no)-2.5 E 2.5
(wc)-.25 G(omplete.)-2.5 E .136(\(In case you dislik)97 537.08 R 2.636
(ec)-.1 G .135(ompass points, the names)-2.636 F F1(.top)2.635 E F0(,)A
F1(.bottom)2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.left)2.635 E F0(and)2.635 E F1(.right)
2.635 E F0 .135(are synon)2.635 F .135(yms for)-.15 F F1(.n)2.635 E F0
(,)A F1(.s)2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.e)72 549.08 Q F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(.w)
2.5 E F0(respecti)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly; the).15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an e)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G 2.5(ea)-2.5 G(bbre)-2.5 E(viated to)
-.25 E F1(.t)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.b)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.l)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1
(.r)2.5 E F0(\).)A .685(The names)97 564.68 R F1(center)3.185 E F0(,)A
F1(top)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(bottom)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(left)3.185 E F0(,)A F1
(right)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(north)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(south)3.185 E F0(,)A F1
(east)3.185 E F0 3.185(,a)C(nd)-3.185 E F1(west)3.185 E F0 .685
(can also be used \(without)3.185 F .8
(the leading dot\) in a pre\214x form mark)72 576.68 R .8(ed by)-.1 F F1
(of)3.3 E F0 3.3(;t)C(hus,)-3.3 E F1 .799(center of last cir)3.3 F(cle)
-.18 E F0(and)3.299 E F1 .799(top of 2nd last ellipse)3.299 F F0(are)
3.299 E .124(both v)72 588.68 R .124(alid object references.)-.25 F
(Finally)5.124 E 2.624(,t)-.65 G .125(he names)-2.624 F F1(left)2.625 E
F0(and)2.625 E F1(right)2.625 E F0 .125(can be pre\214x)2.625 F .125
(ed with)-.15 F F1(upper)2.625 E F0(and)2.625 E F1(lo)2.625 E(wer)-.1 E
F0(which)2.625 E(both ha)72 600.68 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he ob).15 E
(vious meaning.)-.15 E(Arc objects also ha)97 616.28 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.2
H(ompass points; the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re the compass points of the implied circle.)-2.5 E 1.308
(Non-closed objects \(line, arro)97 631.88 R 2.608 -.65(w, o)-.25 H
3.808(rs).65 G 1.308(pline\) ha)-3.808 F 1.608 -.15(ve c)-.2 H 1.308
(ompass points too, b).15 F 1.308(ut the locations of them are)-.2 F
(completely arbitrary)72 643.88 Q 5(.I)-.65 G 2.5(np)-5 G(articular)-2.5
E 2.5(,d)-.4 G(if)-2.5 E(ferent)-.25 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(implementations return dif)2.5 E(ferent locations.)-.25 E F1 2.5
(10.2.2. Locations)72 667.88 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1
G(pen Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 683.48 Q .005
(ery open object \(line, arro)-.15 F 1.306 -.65(w, a)-.25 H .006
(rc, or spline\) has three named points:).65 F F1(.start)2.506 E F0(,)A
F1(.center)2.506 E F0(\(or)2.506 E F1(.c)2.506 E F0 .006(\), and)B F1
(.end)2.506 E F0(.)A(The)72 695.48 Q 3.183(yc)-.15 G .683
(an also be used without leading dots in the)-3.183 F F1(of)3.182 E F0
.682(pre\214x form.)3.182 F .682
(The center of an arc is the center of its)5.682 F(circle, b)72 707.48 Q
(ut the center of a line, path, or spline is halfw)-.2 E
(ay between its endpoints.)-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-15-)279.67 48 Q .4 LW 237.78 91.2 165.78 127.2
DL 201.78 109.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 201.78 109.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(.center)165.43 104.2 Q 165.78 127.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
165.78 127.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)136.09 122.2 Q 237.78 91.2 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 237.78 91.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)212.52 86.2 Q 318.42 127.2 36 -0
-90 DA 318.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)
282.07 122.2 Q 318.42 91.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 91.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.start)288.73 86.2 Q 354.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 354.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST(.end)329.16 122.2 Q 237.78 171.84 165.78 171.84 DL 165.78 207.84
237.78 171.84 DL 237.78 207.84 165.78 207.84 DL 201.78 189.84 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 201.78 189.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)165.43 184.84 Q 165.78
171.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 165.78 171.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)136.09 166.84
Q 237.78 207.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 237.78 207.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)212.52
202.84 Q 318.42 207.84 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 42 -6 54 -18 RC 12 -12 12 -18 0
-18 RC -12 0 -30 0 -54 0 RC -36 0 RL ST 318.42 189.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
318.42 189.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)282.07 184.84 Q 318.42 207.84 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 207.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)288.73 202.84 Q 318.42
171.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 171.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)293.16 166.84 Q
F0(Figure 10-2: Special points on open objects)201.06 232.28 Q F1 2.5
(10.3. W)72 271.88 R(ays of Composing P)-.65 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 .851
(Once you ha)97 287.48 R 1.151 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.051 -.1(wo p).15 H .852
(ositions to w).1 F .852(ork with, there are se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.852(ral w).15 F .852(ays to combine them to specify ne)-.1 F(w)-.25 E
(positions.)72 299.48 Q F1 2.5(10.3.1. V)72 323.48 R
(ector Sums and Displacements)-1 E F0 .239
(Positions may be added or subtracted to yield a ne)97 339.08 R 2.738
(wp)-.25 G .238(osition \(to be more precise, you can only add a)-2.738
F .1(position and an e)72 351.08 R .101(xpression pair; the latter must\
be on the right side of the addition or subtraction sign\).)-.15 F(The)
5.101 E .328(result is the con)72 363.08 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .328(ntional v)
.15 F .328(ector sum or dif)-.15 F .328(ference of coordinates.)-.25 F
-.15(Fo)5.328 G 2.828(re).15 G(xample,)-2.978 E F1 .328
(last box .ne + \(0.1, 0\))2.828 F F0 .327(is a)2.827 F -.25(va)72
375.08 S .026(lid position.).25 F .026(This e)5.026 F .026
(xample illustrates a common use, to de\214ne a position slightly of)
-.15 F .027(fset from a named one)-.25 F(\(say)72 387.08 Q 2.5(,f)-.65 G
(or captioning purposes\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.3.2. Inter)72 411.08 R
(polation Between P)-.1 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 3.382(Ap)97 426.68 S .882
(osition may be interpolated between an)-3.382 F 3.381(yt)-.15 G 1.081
-.1(wo p)-3.381 H 3.381(ositions. The).1 F .881(syntax is `)3.381 F/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1 .881(of the way be-)3.381 F
(tween)72 438.68 Q F2(position1)2.974 E F1(and)2.974 E F2(position2)
2.974 E F0 2.974('. F)B .474(or e)-.15 F .474(xample, you can say)-.15 F
F1 .474(1/3 of the way between Her)2.974 F 2.974(ea)-.18 G .475
(nd last ellipse)-2.974 F(.ne)72 450.68 Q F0 5.204(.T)C .204(he fractio\
n may be in numerator/denominator form or may be an ordinary number \(v)
-5.204 F .203(alues are)-.25 F F2(not)2.703 E F0(re-)2.703 E .646
(stricted to [0,1]\).)72 462.68 R .646(As an alternati)5.646 F .946 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.146(ot).15 G .646(his v)-3.146 F .646
(erbose syntax, you can say `)-.15 F F2(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1(<)3.147 E
F2(position1)1.25 E F1(,)3.147 E F2(position2)3.147 E F1(>).02 E F0(';)A
(thus, the e)72 474.68 Q(xample could also be written as)-.15 E F1
(1/3 <Her)2.5 E(e, last ellipse>)-.18 E F0(.)A 306 492.68 MT -3.816
6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 306 492.68 MT -3.816 6.336 RL -2.52
-2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 300.888 497.792 270 528.68 DL 282.024
516.656 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 282.024 516.656 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(P)287.884 518.856
Q(Figure 10-3:)129.69 551.68 Q F1(P: 1/3 of the way between last arr)2.5
E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(start and last arr).1 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(end).1 E
F0(This f)97 579.28 Q(acility can be used, for e)-.1 E(xample, to dra)
-.15 E 2.5(wd)-.15 G(ouble connections.)-2.5 E 270 633.28 MT 0 -36 RL
-54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yin)236.61 617.48 Q 360 633.28 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0
RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yang)323.28 617.48 Q 306 610.816 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL 0 Fg 306 610.816 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW
298.8 610.816 270 610.816 DL 270 619.744 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL 0 Fg
270 619.744 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 277.2 619.744
306 619.744 DL(Figure 10-4: Doubled arro)229.94 656.28 Q(ws)-.25 E -1.1
(Yo)72 683.88 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G(an get Figure 10-4 from the follo)-2.5 E
(wing program:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-16-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 84 Q
(A: box "yin"; move;)108 96 Q(B: box "yang";)108 108 Q
(arrow right at 1/4 <A.e,A.ne>;)108 120 Q(arrow left)108 132 Q
(at 1/4 <B.w,B.sw>;)12 E(.PE)108 144 Q F0
(Note the use of the short form for interpolating points.)72 165.6 Q/F2
10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(10.3.3. Pr)72 189.6 R(ojections of P)-.18 E
(oints)-.2 E F0(Gi)97 205.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.853(nt).15 G .553 -.1
(wo p)-2.853 H(ositions).1 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)2.853 E F0(and)
2.853 E F3(q)2.853 E F0 2.853(,t)C .353(he position)-2.853 F F2(\()2.853
E F3(p)1.25 E F2(,)A F3(q)2.853 E F2(\))A F0 .353
(has the X coordinate of)2.853 F F3(p)2.853 E F0 .353
(and the Y coordinate of)2.853 F F3(q)2.852 E F0(.)A .831(This can be h\
elpful in placing an object at one of the corners of the virtual box de\
\214ned by tw)72 217.2 R 3.331(oo)-.1 G .831(ther ob-)-3.331 F(jects.)72
229.2 Q 360 254.4 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 360 254.4 1.44 DC .4 LW 0 Cg ST F2
(\(B,A\))367.2 249.4 Q F0(is here)2.5 E 360 326.4 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 360
326.4 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(B)367.2 335.8 Q 216 326.4 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 216 326.4
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST F2(\(A,B\))156.87 335.8 Q F0(is here)2.5 E 216 254.4
1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 216 254.4 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(A)208.8 249.4 Q
(Figure 10-5: Using \()212.45 356.6 Q F3(x)A F0(,)A F3(y)2.5 E F0 2.5
(\)c)C(omposition)-2.5 E F2 2.5(10.4. Using)72 392.6 R(Locations)2.5 E
F0 .841(There are four w)97 408.2 R .841(ays to use locations;)-.1 F F2
(at)3.341 E F0(,)A F2(fr)3.341 E(om)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(to)3.341 E F0 3.341
(,a)C(nd)-3.341 E F2(with)3.34 E F0 5.84(.A)C .84
(ll four are object modi\214ers; that is,)-5.84 F(you use them as suf)72
420.2 Q<8c78>-.25 E(es to a dra)-.15 E(wing command.)-.15 E(The)97 435.8
Q F2(at)3.623 E F0 1.123(modi\214er says to dra)3.623 F -6.122 3.623
(wa c)-.15 H 1.124(losed object or arc with its center at the follo)
-3.623 F 1.124(wing location, or to)-.25 F(dra)72 447.8 Q 2.5(wal)-.15 G
(ine/spline/arro)-2.5 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G(tarting at the follo)-2.5 E
(wing location.)-.25 E(The)97 463.4 Q F2(to)3.648 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er can be used alone to specify a mo)3.647 F 1.447 -.15(ve d)
-.15 H 3.647(estination. The).15 F F2(fr)3.647 E(om)-.18 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er can be used)3.647 F(alone in the same w)72 475.4 Q(ay as)-.1
E F2(at)2.5 E F0(.)A(The)97 491 Q F2(fr)2.677 E(om)-.18 E F0(and)2.677 E
F2(to)2.677 E F0 .177(modi\214ers can be used with a)2.677 F F2(line)
2.677 E F0(or)2.677 E F2(ar)2.677 E(c)-.18 E F0 .177
(command to specify start and end points of)2.677 F .693(the object.)72
503 R .693(In conjunction with named locations, this of)5.693 F .693
(fers a v)-.25 F .692(ery \215e)-.15 F .692
(xible mechanism for connecting ob-)-.15 F 2.5(jects. F)72 515 R(or e)
-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing program)-.25 E F1(.PS)108 533 Q
(box "from")108 545 Q(move 0.75;)108 557 Q(ellipse "to")108 569 Q
(arc cw from 1/3 of the way \\)108 581 Q
(between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n;)132 593 Q(.PE)
108 605 Q F0(yields:)72 626.6 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-17-)279.67 48 Q 261 169.536 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0
RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(from)224.28 153.736 Q 54 36 342 151.536 DE ST(to)
338.11 153.736 Q 292.464 133.536 49.536 -0 180 DA(Figure 10-6: A trick)
153.135 192.536 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(onnection speci\214ed with English-lik)
-2.5 E 2.5(es)-.1 G(yntax)-2.5 E(The)97 220.136 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(with)2.781 E F0 .281(modi\214er allo)2.781 F .281(ws you to identify a\
named attachment point of an object \(or a position within)-.25 F .167
(the object\) with another point.)72 232.136 R .166(This is v)5.166 F
.166(ery useful for connecting objects in a natural w)-.15 F(ay)-.1 E
5.166(.F)-.65 G .166(or an e)-5.316 F(xample,)-.15 E(consider these tw)
72 244.136 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G(rograms:)-2.5 E 180 325.136 MT 0 -36 RL -36 0
RL 0 36 RL CL ST 234 334.136 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54 RL CL ST F1
(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75)113.275 357.936 Q 378 316.136
MT 0 -36 RL -36 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 432 316.136 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54
RL CL ST(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5;)355.03 351.936 Q
(box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se;)301.42 363.936 Q F0
(Figure 10-7: Using the)181.48 396.736 Q F1(with)2.5 E F0
(modi\214er for attachments)2.5 E F1 2.5(10.5. The)72 432.736 R
(`chop' Modi\214er)2.5 E F0 .99(When dra)97 448.336 R .99
(wing lines between circles that don')-.15 F 3.49(ti)-.18 G .99
(ntersect them at a compass point, it is useful to be)-3.49 F(able to s\
horten a line by the radius of the circle at either or both ends.)72
460.336 Q(Consider the follo)5 E(wing program:)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(.PS)108 478.336 Q(circle "x")108 490.336 Q
(circle "y" at 1st circle - \(0.4, 0.6\))108 502.336 Q
(circle "z" at 1st circle + \(0.4, -0.6\))108 514.336 Q
(arrow from 1st circle to 2nd circle chop)108 526.336 Q
(arrow from 2nd circle to 3rd circle chop)108 538.336 Q
(arrow from 3rd circle to 1st circle chop)108 550.336 Q(.PE)108 562.336
Q F0(It yields the follo)72 583.936 Q(wing:)-.25 E 288 619.936 18 DC ST
(x)285.5 622.136 Q 259.2 663.136 18 DC ST(y)256.7 665.336 Q 316.8
663.136 18 DC ST(z)314.58 665.336 Q 269.208 648.16 MT 2.52 -6.984 RL
3.024 2.016 RL CL 0 Fg 269.208 648.16 MT 2.52 -6.984 RL 3.024 2.016 RL
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CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 291.6 663.136 277.2 663.136 DL 298.008 634.912 MT
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(Figure 10-8: The)224.39 704.136 Q F1(chop)2.5 E F0(modi\214er)2.5 E 0
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(wheads rather than stepping on them.)-.25 F .302(By def)5.302 F .302
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(\214er shortens both ends of the line by)72 96 R F1(cir)2.937 E(clerad)
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(\214xing it with a number you can change the amount)-.25 F
(of chopping.)72 108 Q .466(If you say)97 123.6 R F1 .466(line .)2.966 F
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E F1(chop)2.966 E F2(r2)2.966 E F0(with)2.966 E F2(r1)2.966 E F0(and)
2.966 E F2(r2)2.966 E F0 .465(both numbers, you can v)2.966 F .465
(ary the amount of chop-)-.25 F .919(ping at both ends.)72 135.6 R -1.1
(Yo)5.919 G 3.419(uc)1.1 G .92(an use this in combination with trigonom\
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147.6 Q 2.5(xi)-.15 G(ntersections.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(11. Object)72 171.6 R
(Gr)2.5 E(oups)-.18 E F0(There are tw)97 187.2 Q 2.5(od)-.1 G(if)-2.5 E
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(alue when the opening)-.25 F(brace w)72 250.8 Q(as encountered.)-.1 E
F1 2.5(11.2. Block)72 274.8 R(Composites)2.5 E F0 2.554(Ab)97 290.4 S
.053(lock composite object is created a series of commands enclosed by \
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(program fragment)2.5 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(A: [)108 332.4 Q(circle;)132
344.4 Q(line up 1 at last circle .n;)132 356.4 Q
(line down 1 at last circle .s;)132 368.4 Q
(line right 1 at last circle .e;)132 380.4 Q
(line left 1 at last circle .w;)132 392.4 Q
(box dashed with .nw at last circle .se + \(0.2, -0.2\);)132 404.4 Q
(Caption: center of last box;)132 416.4 Q(])108 428.4 Q F0 .049
(yields the block in \214gure 11-1, which we sho)72 450 R 2.549(wb)-.25
G .049(oth with and without its attachment points.)-2.549 F .048
(The block')5.049 F 2.548(sl)-.55 G(o-)-2.548 E(cation becomes the v)72
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571.44 196.56 571.44 DL 88.56 571.44 160.56 571.44 DL 209.304 634.584
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220.104 634.584 DL 230.904 634.584 227.304 634.584 DL 238.104 634.584
234.504 634.584 DL 245.304 634.584 241.704 634.584 DL 252.504 634.584
248.904 634.584 DL 259.704 634.584 256.104 634.584 DL 259.704 630.984
259.704 634.584 DL 259.704 624.504 259.704 628.104 DL 259.704 618.024
259.704 621.624 DL 259.704 611.544 259.704 615.144 DL 259.704 605.064
259.704 608.664 DL 259.704 598.584 259.704 602.184 DL 256.104 598.584
259.704 598.584 DL 248.904 598.584 252.504 598.584 DL 241.704 598.584
245.304 598.584 DL 234.504 598.584 238.104 598.584 DL 227.304 598.584
230.904 598.584 DL 220.104 598.584 223.704 598.584 DL 212.904 598.584
216.504 598.584 DL 205.704 598.584 209.304 598.584 DL 205.704 602.184
205.704 598.584 DL 205.704 608.664 205.704 605.064 DL 205.704 615.144
205.704 611.544 DL 205.704 621.624 205.704 618.024 DL 205.704 628.104
205.704 624.504 DL 205.704 634.584 205.704 630.984 DL 396 571.44 18 DC
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571.44 DL 306 571.44 378 571.44 DL 426.744 634.584 423.144 634.584 DL
433.944 634.584 430.344 634.584 DL 441.144 634.584 437.544 634.584 DL
448.344 634.584 444.744 634.584 DL 455.544 634.584 451.944 634.584 DL
462.744 634.584 459.144 634.584 DL 469.944 634.584 466.344 634.584 DL
477.144 634.584 473.544 634.584 DL 477.144 630.984 477.144 634.584 DL
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477.144 611.544 477.144 615.144 DL 477.144 605.064 477.144 608.664 DL
477.144 598.584 477.144 602.184 DL 473.544 598.584 477.144 598.584 DL
466.344 598.584 469.944 598.584 DL 459.144 598.584 462.744 598.584 DL
451.944 598.584 455.544 598.584 DL 444.744 598.584 448.344 598.584 DL
437.544 598.584 441.144 598.584 DL 430.344 598.584 433.944 598.584 DL
423.144 598.584 426.744 598.584 DL 423.144 602.184 423.144 598.584 DL
423.144 608.664 423.144 605.064 DL 423.144 615.144 423.144 611.544 DL
423.144 621.624 423.144 618.024 DL 423.144 628.104 423.144 624.504 DL
423.144 634.584 423.144 630.984 DL 396 571.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 396 571.44
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST F1(.c)398.5 573.64 Q 396 481.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 396
481.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)391.97 477.64 Q 486 481.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 486
481.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)481 477.64 Q 486 571.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 486
571.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)488.5 573.64 Q 486 661.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 486
661.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)481.835 669.64 Q 396 661.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
396 661.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)392.805 669.64 Q 306 661.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
306 661.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)297.945 669.64 Q 306 571.44 1.44 DC 0.5
Fg 306 571.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)293.78 573.64 Q 306 481.44 1.44 DC 0.5
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(Figure 11-1: A sample composite object)207.59 685.88 Q 2.132 -.8(To r)
72 713.48 T .532(efer to one of the composite').8 F 3.032(sa)-.55 G .533
(ttachment points, you can say \(for e)-3.032 F(xample\))-.15 E F1 3.033
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(To g)5.474 H .474(et at v).8 F .474
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.155(wed by a dot, follo)-.25 F .155(wed by the label you w)-.25 F 2.655
(ant. F)-.1 F .155(or e)-.15 F .155
(xample, we could refer the center of the box in the)-.15 F(abo)72 135.6
Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(omposite as).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
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311.304 DL 315.144 321.384 315.144 317.784 DL 315.144 327.864 315.144
324.264 DL 315.144 334.344 315.144 330.744 DL(Hi!)335.479 318.544 Q
(Figure 11-2: Adding a caption using interior labeling)182.035 384.2 Q
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(Figure 11-3: Composite block objects al)135.15 556 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
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(rogram that looks lik).15 E(e)-.1 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 625.6 Q
(P: [box "foo"; ellipse "bar"];)108 637.6 Q(Q: [)108 649.6 Q
([box "baz"; ellipse "quxx"])133 661.6 Q("random text";)133 673.6 Q(])
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(ariable scoping, assignability of labels and the macro f)-.25 F .913
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(describe later on can be used to simulate functions with local v)72
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(hese v)-2.5 E(ariables can be set with a simple assignment statement.)
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111.6 Q F1(gpic)2.5 E F0 2.5(,s)C(cienti\214c notation in C')-2.5 E 2.5
(s`)-.55 G(e' format \(lik)-2.5 E(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(5e-2)2.5 E
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(ywhere a number is e)-.15 F .523
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(ariables created by assignment.)-2.75 E -.3(DW)97 154.8 S(B).3 E F1
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72 166.8 R .031(alue \(on the right)-.25 F .031
(side\) in the current block.)72 178.8 R .031(The v)5.031 F .031
(ariable is not visible outside of the block.)-.25 F .031
(This is similar to the C program-)5.031 F(ming language where a v)72
190.8 Q(ariable within a block shado)-.25 E(ws a v)-.25 E
(ariable with the same name outside of the block.)-.25 E(GNU)97 206.4 Q
F1(gpic)2.904 E F0 .404(supports an alternate form of assignment using)
2.904 F F1(:=)2.904 E F0 5.404(.T)C .404(he v)-5.404 F .404
(ariable must already be de\214ned,)-.25 F .575(and the v)72 218.4 R
.575(alue is assigned to that v)-.25 F .575
(ariable without creating a v)-.25 F .575
(ariable local to the current block.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.575 G 3.075(re).15
G(xam-)-3.225 E(ple, this)72 230.4 Q F2(x=5)108 248.4 Q(y=5)108 260.4 Q
([)108 272.4 Q(x:=3)120 284.4 Q(y=3)120 296.4 Q(])108 308.4 Q
(print x " " y)108 320.4 Q F0(prints)72 342 Q F1 2.5(35)2.5 G F0(.)-2.5
E -1.1(Yo)97 357.6 S 2.724(uc)1.1 G .224
(an use the height, width, radius, and x and y coordinates of an)-2.724
F 2.724(yo)-.15 G .224(bject or corner in e)-2.724 F(xpressions.)-.15 E
(If)72 369.6 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(is an object label or name, all the follo)
2.5 E(wing are v)-.25 E(alid:)-.25 E F2 102(A.x #)108 387.6 R 6(xc)6 G
(oordinate of the center of A)-6 E 84(A.ne.y #)108 399.6 R 6(yc)6 G
(oordinate of the northeast corner of A)-6 E 90(A.wid #)108 411.6 R
(the width of A)6 E 96(A.ht #)108 423.6 R(and its height)6 E
(2nd last circle.rad)108 435.6 Q 6(#t)12 G
(he radius of the 2nd last circle)-6 E F0(Note the second e)72 457.2 Q
(xpression, sho)-.15 E(wing ho)-.25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G
(xtract a corner coordinate.)-2.65 E .147
(Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are a)97 472.8 R -.25
(va)-.2 G(ilable;).25 E F1(+)2.647 E F0(,)A F1(*)2.647 E F0(,)A F1(-)
2.647 E F0(,)A F1(/)2.647 E F0 2.648(,a)C(nd)-2.648 E F1(%)2.648 E F0
5.148(.S)C 2.648(oi)-5.148 G(s)-2.648 E F1(^)2.648 E F0 .148(for e)2.648
F(xponen-)-.15 E 3.308(tiation. Grouping)72 484.8 R .808
(is permitted in the usual w)3.308 F .807(ay using parentheses.)-.1 F
(GNU)5.807 E F1(gpic)3.307 E F0(allo)3.307 E .807
(ws logical operators to)-.25 F(appear in e)72 496.8 Q(xpressions;)-.15
E F1(!)2.5 E F0(\(logical ne)2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion, not f).05 E
(actorial\),)-.1 E F1(&&)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 1.666(||)2.5 G F0(,)-1.666 E F1
(==)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(!=)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(>=)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(<=)2.5 E F0(,)
A F1(<)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A -1.11(Va)97 512.4 S .562(rious b)
1.11 F .562(uilt-in functions are supported:)-.2 F F1(sin\()3.063 E/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(cos\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A
F0(,)A F1(log\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(exp\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1
(\))A F0(,)A F1(sqrt\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(max\()3.063 E F3
(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(atan2\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)
A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(min\()72 524.4 Q F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1(\))A F0(,)A
F1(int\()2.68 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(rand\(\))2.68 E F0 2.68(,a)C
(nd)-2.68 E F1(srand\(\))2.68 E F0 5.18(.B)C(oth)-5.18 E F1(exp)2.68 E
F0(and)2.68 E F1(log)2.679 E F0 .179(are base 10;)2.679 F F1(int)2.679 E
F0 .179(does inte)2.679 F .179(ger truncation;)-.15 F F1(rand\(\))2.679
E F0(re-)2.679 E .53(turns a random number in [0-1\), and)72 536.4 R F1
(srand\(\))3.03 E F0 .53(sets the seed for a ne)3.03 F 3.03(ws)-.25 G
.53(equence of pseudo-random numbers)-3.03 F(to be returned by)72 548.4
Q F1(rand\(\))2.5 E F0(\()2.5 E F1(srand\(\))A F0(is a GNU e)2.5 E
(xtension\).)-.15 E(GNU)97 564 Q F1(gpic)3.455 E F0 .955
(also documents a one-ar)3.455 F .955(gument form or rand,)-.18 F F1
(rand\()3.455 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0 3.455(,w)C .955
(hich returns a random number)-3.455 F(between 1 and)72 576 Q F3(x)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,b)C(ut this is deprecated and may be remo)-2.7 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.5(di).15 G 2.5(naf)-2.5 G(uture v)-2.5 E(ersion.)-.15 E .071
(The function)97 591.6 R F1(sprintf\(\))2.571 E F0(beha)2.571 E -.15(ve)
-.2 G 2.571(sl).15 G(ik)-2.571 E 2.571(eaC)-.1 G F3(sprintf)A F0 .071
(\(3\) function that only tak)1.96 F .071(es %, %e, %f, and %g format)
-.1 F(strings.)72 603.6 Q F1 2.5(14. Macr)72 627.6 R(os)-.18 E F0 -1.1
(Yo)97 643.2 S 2.528(uc)1.1 G .028(an de\214ne macros in)-2.528 F F1
(pic)2.528 E F0 2.528(,w)C .028(ith up to 32 ar)-2.528 F .028
(guments \(up to 16 on EBCDIC platforms\).)-.18 F .027(This is use-)
5.028 F .951(ful for diagrams with repetiti)72 655.2 R 1.251 -.15(ve p)
-.25 H 3.451(arts. In).15 F .951
(conjunction with the scope rules for block composites, it ef)3.451 F
(fec-)-.25 E(ti)72 667.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly gi).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(sy).15 G(ou the ability to write functions.)-2.5 E(The syntax is)97
682.8 Q F1(de\214ne)108 700.8 Q F3(name)6 E F1({)6 E F3 -.37(re)6 G
(placement te).37 E(xt)-.2 E F1(})2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-22-)279.67 48 Q .218(This de\214nes)72 84 R/F1
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.718 E F0 .218
(as a macro to be replaced by the replacement te)2.718 F .218
(xt \(not including the braces\).)-.15 F .217(The macro)5.217 F
(may be called as)72 96 Q F1(name)108 114 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A
F1(ar)A(g1, ar)-.37 E 1.666(g2, .)-.37 F -3.332 1.666(.. a)1.666 H -.37
(rg)-1.666 G(n).37 E F2(\))A F0(The ar)72 135.6 Q(guments \(if an)-.18 E
(y\) are substituted for tok)-.15 E(ens)-.1 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)
2.5 E F0 1.666(...)2.5 G F2($n).834 E F0
(appearing in the replacement te)2.5 E(xt.)-.15 E(As an e)97 151.2 Q
(xample of macro use, consider this:)-.15 E/F3 9/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108
168.2 Q 5.4(#P)108 179.2 S
(lot a single jumper in a box, $1 is the on-off state.)-5.4 E
(define jumper { [)108 190.2 Q(shrinkfactor = 0.8;)129.6 201.2 Q
(Outer: box invis wid 0.45 ht 1;)129.6 212.2 Q 5.4(#C)129.6 234.2 S
(ount on end ] to reset these)-5.4 E
(boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2;)129.6 245.2 Q 5.4(boxht =)129.6
256.2 R 5.4(Outer.ht *)5.4 F(shrinkfactor / 2;)5.4 E
(box fill \(!$1\) with .s at center of Outer;)129.6 278.2 Q
(box fill \($1\))129.6 289.2 Q(with .n at center of Outer;)10.8 E 5.4
(]})108 300.2 S 5.4(#P)108 322.2 S(lot a block of six jumpers.)-5.4 E
(define jumperblock {)108 333.2 Q(jumper\($1\);)129.6 344.2 Q
(jumper\($2\);)129.6 355.2 Q(jumper\($3\);)129.6 366.2 Q(jumper\($4\);)
129.6 377.2 Q(jumper\($5\);)129.6 388.2 Q(jumper\($6\);)129.6 399.2 Q
5.4(jwidth =)129.6 421.2 R(last [].Outer.wid;)5.4 E
(jheight = last [].Outer.ht;)129.6 432.2 Q
(box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight;)129.6 454.2 Q
5.4(#U)129.6 476.2 S
(se {} to avoid changing position from last box draw.)-5.4 E 5.4(#T)
129.6 487.2 S
(his is necessary so move in any direction works as expected)-5.4 E
({"Jumpers in state $1$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + \(0,-0.2\);})129.6
498.2 Q(})108 509.2 Q 5.4(#S)108 531.2 S(ample macro invocations.)-5.4 E
(jumperblock\(1,1,0,0,1,0\);)108 542.2 Q(move;)108 553.2 Q
(jumperblock\(1,0,1,0,1,1\);)108 564.2 Q(.PE)108 575.2 Q F0
(It yields the follo)72 596.8 Q(wing:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-23-)279.67 48 Q 107.28 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 107.28 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
.4 LW 0 Cg ST 107.28 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg
107.28 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 139.68 120
MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 139.68 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 139.68 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 139.68 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Cg ST 172.08 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 172.08 120
MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 172.08 148.8 MT 0 -28.8
RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 172.08 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 204.48 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 204.48 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 204.48
148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 204.48 148.8 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 236.88 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 236.88 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 236.88 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 236.88 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 269.28
120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 269.28 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 269.28 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 269.28 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Cg ST 279 156 MT 0 -72 RL -194.4 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST
(Jumpers in state 110010)133.33 172.6 Q 319.68 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 319.68 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
0 Cg ST 319.68 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 319.68
148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 352.08 120 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 352.08 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0
RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 352.08 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL
CL 1 Fg 352.08 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST
384.48 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 384.48 120 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 384.48 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 384.48 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 416.88 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 416.88 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 416.88
148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 416.88 148.8 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 449.28 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 449.28 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 449.28 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 449.28 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 481.68
120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 481.68 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 481.68 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 481.68 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Cg ST 491.4 156 MT 0 -72 RL -194.4 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST
(Jumpers in state 101011)345.73 172.6 Q
(Figure 14-1: Sample use of a macro)216.345 193.4 Q .644(This macro e)72
221 R .644(xample illustrates ho)-.15 F 3.144(wy)-.25 G .645
(ou can combine [], brace grouping, and v)-3.144 F .645
(ariable assignment to write)-.25 F(true functions.)72 233 Q .252
(One detail the e)97 248.6 R .252(xample abo)-.15 F .552 -.15(ve d)-.15
H .252(oes not illustrate is the f).15 F .252(act that macro ar)-.1 F
.251(gument parsing is not tok)-.18 F(en-)-.1 E 2.797(oriented. If)72
260.6 R .297(you call)2.797 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(jumper\( 1 \))2.797
E F0 2.797(,t)C .297(he v)-2.797 F .298(alue of $1 is)-.25 F F1 2.5("1")
2.798 G F0 5.298(.Y)-2.5 G .298(ou could e)-6.398 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.798
(nc).15 G(all)-2.798 E F1(jumper\(big string\))2.798 E F0 .298(to gi)
2.798 F -.15(ve)-.25 G($1 the v)72 272.6 Q(alue)-.25 E F1("big string")
2.5 E F0(.)A .273(If you w)97 288.2 R .273
(ant to pass in a coordinate pair)-.1 F 2.773(,y)-.4 G .273(ou can a)
-2.773 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .272
(id getting tripped up by the comma by wrapping).2 F
(the pair in parentheses.)72 300.2 Q(Macros persist through pictures.)97
315.8 Q 1.6 -.8(To u)5 H(nde\214ne a macro, say).8 E F1(undef)2.5 E/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(;f)C(or e)-2.5 E(xample,)-.15 E
/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(undef jumper)108 333.8 Q(undef jumperblock)108 345.8
Q F0 -.1(wo)72 367.4 S(uld unde\214ne the tw).1 E 2.5(om)-.1 G
(acros in the jumper block e)-2.5 E(xample.)-.15 E F1 2.5
(15. Import/Export)72 391.4 R(Commands)2.5 E F0
(Commands that import or e)97 407 Q(xport data between)-.15 E F1(pic)2.5
E F0(and its en)2.5 E(vironment are described here.)-.4 E F1 2.5
(15.1. File)72 431 R(and T)2.5 E(able Insertion)-.92 E F0(The statement)
97 446.6 Q F3(copy)108 464.6 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 .83
(inserts the contents of)72 486.2 R F2(\214lename)3.33 E F0 .83(in the)
3.33 F F1(pic)3.33 E F0 .83(input stream.)3.33 F(An)5.831 E(y)-.15 E F1
(.PS)3.331 E F0(/)A F1(.PE)A F0 .831(pair in the \214le is ignored.)
3.331 F -1.1(Yo)5.831 G 3.331(uc)1.1 G(an)-3.331 E
(use this to include pre-generated images.)72 498.2 Q 2.5(Av)97 513.8 S
(ariant of this statement replicates the)-2.75 E F1(copy thru)2.5 E F0
(feature of)2.5 E F2(gr)2.5 E(ap)-.15 E F0 2.5(\(1\). The).19 F(call)2.5
E F3(copy)108 531.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F3(thru)2.5 E F2(macr)2.5 E(o)
-.45 E F0(calls)72 553.4 Q F2(macr)2.85 E(o)-.45 E F0 .35
(\(which may be either a name or replacement te)2.85 F .349
(xt\) on the ar)-.15 F .349(guments obtained by breaking each)-.18 F
.636(line of the \214le into blank-separated \214elds.)72 565.4 R .636
(The macro may ha)5.636 F .936 -.15(ve u)-.2 H 3.136(pt).15 G 3.136(o9a)
-3.136 G -.18(rg)-3.136 G 3.136(uments. The).18 F .636(replacement te)
3.136 F(xt)-.15 E
(may be delimited by braces or by a pair of instances of an)72 577.4 Q
2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not appearing in the rest of the te)-2.5 E(xt.)
-.15 E(If you write)97 593 Q F3 -3.5(copy thru)108 611 R F2(macr)2.5 E
(o)-.45 E F0(omitting the \214lename, lines to be parsed are tak)72
632.6 Q(en from the input source up to the ne)-.1 E(xt)-.15 E F1(.PE)2.5
E F0(.)A 1.507(In either of the last tw)97 648.2 R(o)-.1 E F1(copy)4.007
E F0 1.507(commands, GNU)4.007 F F1(gpic)4.007 E F0 1.507
(permits a trailing `)4.007 F F1(until)A F2(wor)4.007 E(d)-.37 E F0
4.007('c).77 G 1.507(lause to be)-4.007 F .624
(added which terminates the cop)72 660.2 R 3.124(yw)-.1 G .624
(hen the \214rst w)-3.124 F .624(ord matches the ar)-.1 F .625
(gument \(the def)-.18 F .625(ault beha)-.1 F .625(vior is there-)-.2 F
(fore equi)72 672.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(until .PE)2.5 E F0
(\).)A(Accordingly)97 687.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he command)-2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-24-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)122 84 Q
(copy thru % circle at \($1,$2\) % until "END")122 96 Q 6(12)122 108 S 6
(34)122 120 S 6(56)122 132 S(END)122 144 Q(box)122 156 Q(.PE)122 168 Q
F0(is equi)72 183.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(.PS)122 199.2 Q
(circle at \(1,2\))122 211.2 Q(circle at \(3,4\))122 223.2 Q
(circle at \(5,6\))122 235.2 Q(box)122 247.2 Q(.PE)122 259.2 Q/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(15.2. Deb)72 283.2 R(ug Messages)-.2 E F0 .89
(The command)97 298.8 R F2(print)3.39 E F0 .89(accepts an)3.39 F 3.39
(yn)-.15 G .89(umber of ar)-3.39 F .89
(guments, concatenates their output forms, and writes)-.18 F
(the result to standard error)72 310.8 Q 5(.E)-.55 G(ach ar)-5 E
(gument must be an e)-.18 E(xpression, a position, or a te)-.15 E
(xt string.)-.15 E F2 2.5(15.3. Escape)72 334.8 R(to P)2.5 E(ost-Pr)-.2
E(ocessor)-.18 E F0(If you write)97 350.4 Q F2(command)108 368.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.666(...)1.666 G F2(pic)72 390
Q F0 .713(concatenates the ar)3.213 F .714
(guments and pass them through as a line to trof)-.18 F 3.214(fo)-.25 G
3.214(rT)-3.214 G(E)-4.881 2.24 M 3.214(X. Each)-1.25 -2.24 N F3(ar)
3.214 E(g)-.37 E F0 .714(must be an e)3.214 F(x-)-.15 E .448
(pression, a position, or te)72 402 R 2.948(xt. This)-.15 F .447
(has a similar ef)2.948 F .447(fect to a line be)-.25 F .447
(ginning with)-.15 F F2(.)2.947 E F0(or)5.447 E F2(\\)2.947 E F0 2.947
(,b)1.666 G .447(ut allo)-3.147 F .447(ws the v)-.25 F(alues)-.25 E
(of v)72 414 Q(ariables to be passed through.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)72 429.6 S
2.5(re).15 G(xample,)-2.65 E F1(.PS)108 447.6 Q 6(x=1)108 459.6 S(4)-6 E
(command ".ds string x is " x ".")108 471.6 Q(.PE)108 483.6 Q
(\\*[string])108 495.6 Q F0(prints)72 517.2 Q F1 6(xi)108 535.2 S 6(s1)
-6 G(4.)-6 E F2 2.5(15.4. Executing)72 565.2 R(Shell Commands)2.5 E F0
(The command)97 580.8 Q F1 -3.5(sh {)108 598.8 R F3(anything)2.5 E 1.666
(...)-.15 G F1(}).834 E F0(macro-e)72 620.4 Q .38(xpands the te)-.15 F
.38(xt in braces, then e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .381
(cutes it as a shell command.).15 F .381
(This could be used to generate im-)5.381 F .399
(ages or data tables for later inclusion.)72 632.4 R .399
(The delimiters sho)5.399 F .399(wn as {} here may also be tw)-.25 F
2.899(oc)-.1 G .399(opies of an)-2.899 F 2.899(yo)-.15 G(ne)-2.899 E
.956(character not present in the shell command te)72 644.4 R 3.456
(xt. In)-.15 F .956
(either case, the body may contain balanced {} pairs.)3.456 F
(Strings in the body may contain balanced or unbalanced braces in an)72
656.4 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(ase.)-2.5 E F2 2.5(16. Contr)72 680.4 R(ol-\215o)
-.18 E 2.5(wc)-.1 G(onstructs)-2.5 E F0(The)97 696 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0
(language pro)2.5 E(vides conditionals and looping.)-.15 E -.15(Fo)5 G
2.5(re).15 G(xample,)-2.65 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-25-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(pi = atan2\(0,-1\);)108 84 Q(for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {)108 96 Q
("-" at \(i/2, 0\);)132 108 Q("." at \(i/2, sin\(i\)/2\);)132 120 Q
(":" at \(i/2, cos\(i\)/2\);)132 132 Q(})108 144 Q F0
(which yields this:)72 165.6 Q(-)174.735 221.8 Q(.)175.15 221.8 Q(:)
175.01 185.8 Q(-)178.335 221.8 Q(.)178.75 218.2 Q(:)178.61 185.944 Q(-)
181.935 221.8 Q(.)182.35 214.672 Q(:)182.21 186.52 Q(-)185.535 221.8 Q
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Q(:)189.41 188.608 Q(-)192.735 221.8 Q(.)193.15 204.52 Q(:)193.01
190.192 Q(-)196.335 221.8 Q(.)196.75 201.496 Q(:)196.61 192.064 Q(-)
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(.)203.95 195.952 Q(:)203.81 196.744 Q(-)207.135 221.8 Q(.)207.55
193.576 Q(:)207.41 199.408 Q(-)210.735 221.8 Q(.)211.15 191.488 Q(:)
211.01 202.36 Q(-)214.335 221.8 Q(.)214.75 189.688 Q(:)214.61 205.456 Q
(-)217.935 221.8 Q(.)218.35 188.248 Q(:)218.21 208.768 Q(-)221.535 221.8
Q(.)221.95 187.096 Q(:)221.81 212.152 Q(-)225.135 221.8 Q(.)225.55
186.304 Q(:)225.41 215.68 Q(-)228.735 221.8 Q(.)229.15 185.872 Q(:)
229.01 219.28 Q(-)232.335 221.8 Q(.)232.75 185.8 Q(:)232.61 222.88 Q(-)
235.935 221.8 Q(.)236.35 186.088 Q(:)236.21 226.408 Q(-)239.535 221.8 Q
(.)239.95 186.736 Q(:)239.81 230.008 Q(-)243.135 221.8 Q(.)243.55
187.744 Q(:)243.41 233.464 Q(-)246.735 221.8 Q(.)247.15 189.04 Q(:)
247.01 236.776 Q(-)250.335 221.8 Q(.)250.75 190.696 Q(:)250.61 239.944 Q
(-)253.935 221.8 Q(.)254.35 192.712 Q(:)254.21 242.968 Q(-)257.535 221.8
Q(.)257.95 194.944 Q(:)257.81 245.776 Q(-)261.135 221.8 Q(.)261.55
197.464 Q(:)261.41 248.368 Q(-)264.735 221.8 Q(.)265.15 200.272 Q(:)
265.01 250.672 Q(-)268.335 221.8 Q(.)268.75 203.224 Q(:)268.61 252.616 Q
(-)271.935 221.8 Q(.)272.35 206.392 Q(:)272.21 254.344 Q(-)275.535 221.8
Q(.)275.95 209.776 Q(:)275.81 255.712 Q(-)279.135 221.8 Q(.)279.55
213.16 Q(:)279.41 256.72 Q(-)282.735 221.8 Q(.)283.15 216.688 Q(:)283.01
257.44 Q(-)286.335 221.8 Q(.)286.75 220.288 Q(:)286.61 257.8 Q(-)289.935
221.8 Q(.)290.35 223.888 Q(:)290.21 257.728 Q(-)293.535 221.8 Q(.)293.95
227.488 Q(:)293.81 257.368 Q(-)297.135 221.8 Q(.)297.55 231.016 Q(:)
297.41 256.576 Q(-)300.735 221.8 Q(.)301.15 234.4 Q(:)301.01 255.496 Q
(-)304.335 221.8 Q(.)304.75 237.712 Q(:)304.61 254.056 Q(-)307.935 221.8
Q(.)308.35 240.88 Q(:)308.21 252.328 Q(-)311.535 221.8 Q(.)311.95
243.832 Q(:)311.81 250.24 Q(-)315.135 221.8 Q(.)315.55 246.568 Q(:)
315.41 247.936 Q(-)318.735 221.8 Q(.)319.15 249.016 Q(:)319.01 245.344 Q
(-)322.335 221.8 Q(.)322.75 251.248 Q(:)322.61 242.464 Q(-)325.935 221.8
Q(.)326.35 253.192 Q(:)326.21 239.44 Q(-)329.535 221.8 Q(.)329.95
254.776 Q(:)329.81 236.2 Q(-)333.135 221.8 Q(.)333.55 256.072 Q(:)333.41
232.888 Q(-)336.735 221.8 Q(.)337.15 257.008 Q(:)337.01 229.36 Q(-)
340.335 221.8 Q(.)340.75 257.584 Q(:)340.61 225.832 Q(-)343.935 221.8 Q
(.)344.35 257.8 Q(:)344.21 222.232 Q(-)347.535 221.8 Q(.)347.95 257.656
Q(:)347.81 218.632 Q(-)351.135 221.8 Q(.)351.55 257.152 Q(:)351.41
215.104 Q(-)354.735 221.8 Q(.)355.15 256.288 Q(:)355.01 211.576 Q(-)
358.335 221.8 Q(.)358.75 255.136 Q(:)358.61 208.192 Q(-)361.935 221.8 Q
(.)362.35 253.624 Q(:)362.21 204.952 Q(-)365.535 221.8 Q(.)365.95
251.752 Q(:)365.81 201.856 Q(-)369.135 221.8 Q(.)369.55 249.592 Q(:)
369.41 198.976 Q(-)372.735 221.8 Q(.)373.15 247.216 Q(:)373.01 196.312 Q
(-)376.335 221.8 Q(.)376.75 244.552 Q(:)376.61 193.864 Q(-)379.935 221.8
Q(.)380.35 241.6 Q(:)380.21 191.776 Q(-)383.535 221.8 Q(.)383.95 238.504
Q(:)383.81 189.904 Q(-)387.135 221.8 Q(.)387.55 235.264 Q(:)387.41
188.392 Q(-)390.735 221.8 Q(.)391.15 231.88 Q(:)391.01 187.24 Q(-)
394.335 221.8 Q(.)394.75 228.352 Q(:)394.61 186.376 Q(-)397.935 221.8 Q
(.)398.35 224.824 Q(:)398.21 185.944 Q(Figure 16-1: Plotting with a)
214.79 278.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(loop)2.5 E
(The syntax of the)72 306.2 Q F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(statement is:)
2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)108 324.2 S(r).25 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)
2.5 E F2(=)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F2(to)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr2).2 E F0([)2.52 E F2(by)A F0([)2.5 E F2(*)A F0(])A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr3)
.2 E F0(]).15 E F2(do)2.5 E F3 2.5(Xb)2.5 G(ody X)-2.5 E F0 .847
(The semantics are as follo)72 342.2 R 3.347(ws: Set)-.25 F F3(variable)
3.347 E F0(to)3.347 E F3 -.2(ex)3.347 G(pr1).2 E F0 5.847(.W)C .847
(hile the v)-5.847 F .847(alue of)-.25 F F3(variable)3.347 E F0 .846
(is less than or equal to)3.347 F F3 -.2(ex)72 354.2 S(pr2).2 E F0 3.406
(,d)C(o)-3.406 E F3(body)3.406 E F0 .906(and increment)3.406 F F3
(variable)3.406 E F0(by)3.406 E F3 -.2(ex)3.406 G(pr3).2 E F0 3.406(;i)C
(f)-3.406 E F2(by)3.406 E F0 .906(is not gi)3.406 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .906
(n, increment).15 F F3(variable)3.407 E F0 .907(by 1.)3.407 F(If)5.907 E
F3 -.2(ex)3.407 G(pr3).2 E F0(is)3.407 E(pre\214x)72 366.2 Q .198(ed by)
-.15 F F2(*)2.698 E F0(then)2.698 E F3(variable)2.698 E F0 .198
(is multiplied instead by)2.698 F F3 -.2(ex)2.697 G(pr3).2 E F0 5.197
(.T)C .197(he v)-5.197 F .197(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.697 G(pr3).2 E
F0 .197(can be ne)2.697 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .497 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
.197(or the addi-).15 F(ti)72 378.2 Q 1.203 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ase;).15 E
F3(variable)3.403 E F0 .904
(is then tested whether it is greater than or equal to)3.404 F F3 -.2
(ex)3.404 G(pr2).2 E F0 5.904(.F)C .904(or the multiplicati)-6.054 F
1.204 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ase,).15 E F3 -.2(ex)72 390.2 S(pr3).2 E F0 .107
(must be greater than zero.)2.607 F .106(If the constraints aren')5.107
F 2.606(tm)-.18 G .106(et, the loop isn')-2.606 F 2.606(te)-.18 G -.15
(xe)-2.756 G(cuted.).15 E F3(X)5.106 E F0 .106(can be an)2.606 F 2.606
(yc)-.15 G(harac-)-2.606 E(ter not occurring in)72 402.2 Q F3(body)2.5 E
F0 2.5(;o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he tw)-2.5 E(o)-.1 E F3(X)2.5 E F0 2.5(sm).94
G(ay be paired braces \(as in the)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(command\).)2.5 E
(The syntax of the)97 417.8 Q F2(if)2.5 E F0(statement is as follo)2.5 E
(ws:)-.25 E F2(if)108 435.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(then)2.5 E F3
2.5(Xi)2.5 G(f-true X)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(else)A F3 2.5(Yi)2.5 G
(f-false Y)-2.5 E F0(])1.27 E .379(Its semantics are as follo)72 453.8 R
.379(ws: Ev)-.25 F(aluate)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)2.879 G(pr).2 E F0 2.879(;i)C
2.879(fi)-2.879 G 2.879(ti)-2.879 G 2.879(sn)-2.879 G .38
(on-zero then do)-2.879 F F3(if-true)2.88 E F0 2.88(,o)C .38
(therwise do)-2.88 F F3(if-false)2.88 E F0(.)A F3(X)5.38 E F0 .38
(can be)2.88 F(an)72 465.8 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)
-2.5 E F3(if-true)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(Y)5 E F0(can be an)2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(haracter not occurring in)-2.5 E F3(if-false)2.5 E F0(.)A .41
(Eithe or both of the)97 481.4 R F3(X)2.91 E F0(or)2.91 E F3(Y)2.91 E F0
.409
(pairs may instead be balanced pairs of braces \({ and }\) as in the)
2.91 F F2(sh)2.909 E F0(com-)2.909 E 3.277(mand. In)72 493.4 R .777
(either case, the)3.277 F F3(if-true)3.277 E F0 .778
(may contain balanced pairs of braces.)3.277 F .778
(None of these delimiters are seen)5.778 F(inside strings.)72 505.4 Q
.464(All the usual relational operators my be used in conditional e)97
521 R(xpressions;)-.15 E F2(!)2.963 E F0 .463(\(logical ne)2.963 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .463(tion, not f).05 F(ac-)-.1 E(torial\),)72 533 Q F2(&&)2.5
E F0(,)A F2 1.666(||)2.5 G F0(,)-1.666 E F2(==)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(!=)2.5 E
F0(,)A F2(>=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(>)2.5
E F0(.)A .57(String comparison is also supported using)97 548.6 R F2(==)
3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F2(!=)3.07 E F0 5.57(.S)C .57
(tring comparisons may need to be parenthe-)-5.57 F(sized to a)72 560.6
Q -.2(vo)-.2 G(id syntactic ambiguities.).2 E F2 2.5(17. Interface)72
584.6 R 1.84 -.92(To [)2.5 H(gt]r).92 E(off)-.18 E F0 .276
(The output of)97 600.2 R F2(pic)2.776 E F0(is)2.776 E F2([gt]r)2.776 E
(off)-.18 E F0(dra)2.776 E .276(wing commands.)-.15 F .276(The GNU)5.276
F F3(gpic)2.776 E F0 .275(\(1\) command w).31 F .275
(arns that it relies on)-.1 F(dra)72 612.2 Q(wing e)-.15 E
(xtensions present in)-.15 E F3(gr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0
(\(1\) that are not present in)1.96 E F3(tr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0
(\(1\).)1.96 E F2 2.5(17.1. Scaling)72 636.2 R(Ar)2.5 E(guments)-.1 E F0
.611(The D)97 651.8 R(WB)-.3 E F3(pic)3.111 E F0 .612
(\(1\) program accepts one or tw).31 F 3.112(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)-3.112 G
.612(uments to).18 F F2(.PS)3.112 E F0 3.112(,w)C .612
(hich is interpreted as a width and)-3.112 F .577
(height in inches to which the results of)72 663.8 R F3(pic)3.077 E F0
.577(\(1\) should be scaled \(width and height scale independently\).)
.31 F(If)5.577 E .86(there is only one ar)72 675.8 R .861(gument, it is\
interpreted as a width to scale the picture to, and height is scaled b\
y the)-.18 F(same proportion.)72 687.8 Q(GNU)97 703.4 Q F2(gpic)2.617 E
F0 .116(is less general; it accepts a single width to scale to, or a ze\
ro width and a maximum height)2.617 F(to scale to.)72 715.4 Q -.4(Wi)5 G
(th tw).4 E 2.5(on)-.1 G(on-zero ar)-2.5 E
(guments, it scales to the maximum height.)-.18 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-26-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(17.2. Ho)72 84 R 2.5(wS)-.1 G(caling is Handled)-2.5 E F0(When)97 99.6
Q F1(pic)3.131 E F0 .631
(processes a picture description on input, it passes)3.131 F F1(.PS)
3.131 E F0(and)3.131 E F1(.PE)3.131 E F0 .632
(through to the postproces-)3.132 F(sor)72 111.6 Q 5.393(.T)-.55 G(he)
-5.393 E F1(.PS)2.893 E F0 .393(gets decorated with tw)2.893 F 2.893(on)
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(guments which are the X and Y dimensions of the picture)-.18 F
(in inches.)72 123.6 Q(The post-processor can use these to reserv)5 E
2.5(es)-.15 G(pace for the picture and center it.)-2.5 E
(The GNU incarnation of the)97 139.2 Q F1(ms)2.5 E F0
(macro package, for e)2.5 E(xample, includes the follo)-.15 E
(wing de\214nitions:)-.25 E/F2 9/Courier@0 SF(.de PS)108 156.2 Q(.br)108
167.2 Q(.sp \\\\n[DD]u)108 178.2 Q(.ie \\\\n[.$]<2 .@error bad argument\
s to PS \(not preprocessed with pic?\))108 189.2 Q(.el \\{\\)108 200.2 Q
19.6(.d)108 211.2 S(s@need \(u;\\\\$1\)+1v)-19.6 E 19.6(.i)108 222.2 S
5.4(n+)-19.6 G(\(u;\\\\n[.l]-\\\\n[.i]-\\\\$2/2>?0\))-5.4 E(.\\})108
233.2 Q(..)108 244.2 Q(.de PE)108 255.2 Q(.par@reset)108 266.2 Q
(.sp \\\\n[DD]u+.5m)108 277.2 Q(..)108 288.2 Q F0(Equi)72 309.8 Q -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.028(lent de\214nition is supplied by GNU).25 F/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic)3.529 E F0 1.029
(\(1\) if you use the \255mpic option; this should mak).31 F 3.529(ei)
-.1 G 3.529(tu)-3.529 G(sable)-3.529 E(with macro pages other than)72
321.8 Q F3(ms)2.5 E F0(\(1\).).27 E(If)97 337.4 Q F1(.PF)4.787 E F0
2.287(is used instead of)4.787 F F1(.PE)4.787 E F0 4.786(,t)C(he)-4.786
E F1(tr)4.786 E(off)-.18 E F0 2.286(position is restored to what it w)
4.786 F 2.286(as at the picture start)-.1 F(\(K)72 349.4 Q
(ernighan notes that the F stands for \231\215yback\232\).)-.25 E
(The in)97 365 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E F1(.PS <)108 383 Q F3(\214le)
1.91 E F0(causes the contents of)72 404.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0
(to replace the)2.5 E F1(.PS)2.5 E F0 2.5(line. This)2.5 F
(feature is deprecated; use `)2.5 E F1(copy)A F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 2.5('i)
C(nstead\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(17.3. PIC)72 428.6 R(and [gt]r)2.5 E
(off commands)-.18 E F0 .351(By def)97 444.2 R .351
(ault, input lines that be)-.1 F .351
(gin with a period are passed to the postprocessor)-.15 F 2.851(,e)-.4 G
.352(mbedded at the cor)-2.851 F(-)-.2 E .662
(responding point in the output.)72 456.2 R .662
(Messing with horizontal or v)5.662 F .662(ertical spacing is an ob)-.15
F .661(vious recipe for b)-.15 F(ugs,)-.2 E -.2(bu)72 468.2 S 2.5(tp).2
G(oint size and font changes are usually safe.)-2.5 E .764
(Point sizes and font changes are also safe within te)97 483.8 R .765
(xt strings, as long as the)-.15 F 3.265(ya)-.15 G .765
(re undone before the)-3.265 F(end of string.)72 495.8 Q(The state of)97
511.4 Q F1([gt]r)2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0 1.1 -.55('s \214)D
(ll mode is preserv).55 E(ed across pictures.)-.15 E F1 2.5(17.4. PIC)72
535.4 R(and EQN)2.5 E F0 .543(The K)97 551 R .543(ernighan paper notes \
that there is a subtle problem with complicated equations inside)-.25 F
F1(pic)3.042 E F0(pic-)3.042 E .271(tures; the)72 563 R 2.771(yc)-.15 G
.271(ome out wrong if)-2.771 F F3(eqn)2.771 E F0 .271(\(1\) has to lea)
.24 F .572 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .272(tra v).15 F .272
(ertical space for the equation.)-.15 F .272(If your equation in-)5.272
F -.2(vo)72 575 S(lv).2 E .486
(es more than subscripts and superscripts, you must add to the be)-.15 F
.486(ginning of each equation the e)-.15 F .485(xtra in-)-.15 F
(formation)72 587 Q F1(space 0)2.5 E F0 5(.H)C 2.5(eg)-5 G -2.15 -.25
(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(st).25 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing e)-.25 E(xample:)-.15 E
/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(arrow)108 605 Q
(box "$space 0 {H\( omega \)} over {1 - H\( omega \)}$")108 617 Q(arrow)
108 629 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-27-)279.67 48 Q 261 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL 0 Fg 261 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 253.8
102 225 102 DL 315 120 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(H)277.365 97.2 Q F0(\().95 E/F2 10/Symbol-Slanted SF
(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E(1)-29.875 14 M/F3 10/Symbol SF(-)2.2 E F1(H)2.78
E F0(\().95 E F2(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E 306.66 101.6 269.34 101.6 DL 351
102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 351 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL
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(Figure 17-1: Equations within pictures)210.78 143 Q/F4 10/Times-Bold@0
SF 2.5(17.5. Absolute)72 179 R -.2(Po)2.5 G(sitioning of Pictur).2 E(es)
-.18 E F0(A)97 194.6 Q F4(pic)3.198 E F0 .698(picture is positioned v)
3.198 F .698(ertically by trof)-.15 F 3.198(fa)-.25 G 3.198(tt)-3.198 G
.698(he current position.)-3.198 F .698(The topmost position possible)
5.698 F .422(on a page is not the paper edge b)72 206.6 R .421
(ut a position which is one baseline lo)-.2 F .421
(wer so that the \214rst ro)-.25 F 2.921(wo)-.25 G 2.921(fg)-2.921 G
.421(lyphs is)-2.921 F 2.817(visible. T)72 218.6 R 2.817(om)-.8 G(ak)
-2.817 E 2.817(eap)-.1 G .317
(icture really start at the paper edge you ha)-2.817 F .617 -.15(ve t)
-.2 H 2.817(om).15 G(ak)-2.817 E 2.817(et)-.1 G .317
(he baseline-to-baseline distance)-2.817 F
(zero, this is, you must set the v)72 230.6 Q
(ertical spacing to 0 \(using)-.15 E F4(.vs)2.5 E F0 2.5(\)b)C
(efore starting the picture.)-2.5 E F4 2.5(18. Interface)72 254.6 R
(to T)2.5 E(eX)-.92 E F0(T)97 273.8 Q(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.967(Xm)-1.25
-2.24 O .467(ode is enabled by the)-2.967 F F4<ad74>2.967 E F0 2.967
(option. In)2.967 F(T)2.967 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.967(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O
.466(ode, pic de\214nes a vbox called)-2.967 F F4(\\graph)2.966 E F0
.466(for each pic-)2.966 F .181
(ture; the name can be changed with the pseudo-v)72 285.8 R(ariable)-.25
E F4(\214gname)2.681 E F0 .182
(\(which is actually a specially parsed com-)2.681 F 2.5(mand\). Y)72
297.8 R(ou must yourself print that vbox using, for e)-1.1 E
(xample, the command)-.15 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF
(\\centerline{\\box\\graph})97 313.4 Q F0(Actually)72 329 Q 3.168(,s)
-.65 G .667(ince the vbox has a height of zero \(it is de\214ned with \
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(space abo)72 341 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he picture than belo).15 E 2.5
(wi)-.25 G(t;)-2.5 E F5(\\centerline{\\raise 1em\\box\\graph})97 356.6 Q
F0 -.1(wo)72 372.2 S(uld a).1 E -.2(vo)-.2 G(id this.).2 E 5.225 -.8
(To m)97 387.8 T(ak).8 E 6.125(et)-.1 G 3.625(he vbox ha)-6.125 F 3.625
(ving a positi)-.2 F 3.925 -.15(ve h)-.25 H 3.626
(eight and a depth of zero \(as used e.g. by L).15 F/F6 8/Times-Roman@0
SF(A)-3.6 -2.64 M F0(T)-1.5 2.64 M(E)-1.667 2.24 M(X')-1.25 -2.24 M(s)
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E F3(X)2.5 E F0(doesn')2.5 E 2.5(to)-.18 G(ccur in the string.)-2.5 E F1
-.315(BA)97 313.2 S(LANCED-BOD).315 E(Y)-.495 E F0(Delimiters as in)122
325.2 Q F1 -.315(BA)2.5 G(LANCED-TEXT).315 E F0 2.5(;t)C
(he body is interpreted as `)-2.5 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<e1>A/F5 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)A F4<f1>A F5 1.666(...)C F0('.)-1.666 E F1
(FILEN)97 340.8 Q(AME)-.315 E F0(The name of a \214le.)122 352.8 Q
(This has the same semantics as)5 E F1(TEXT)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(MA)97 368.4
Q(CR)-.36 E(ON)-.36 E(AME)-.315 E F0(Either)122 380.4 Q F1 -1.215(VA)2.5
G(RIABLE)1.215 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(LABEL)2.5 E F0(.)A F5 2.5(21.2. Semi-F)
72 404.4 R(ormal Grammar)-.25 E F0 -.8(To)97 420 S -.1(ke).8 G
(ns not enclosed in).1 E F4 1.666<e1f1>2.5 G F0(are literals, e).834 E
(xcept:)-.15 E(1.)72 435.6 Q F5(\\n)17.5 E F0(is a ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25
E 15(2. Three)72 451.2 R(dots is a suf)2.5 E(\214x meaning `replace wit\
h 0 or more repetitions of the preceding element\(s\).)-.25 E 15(3. An)
72 466.8 R(enclosure in square brack)2.5 E
(ets has its usual meaning of `this clause is optional'.)-.1 E 15
(4. Square-brack)72 482.4 R 3.71(et-enclosed portions within tok)-.1 F
3.709(ens are optional.)-.1 F 3.709(Thus, `h)8.709 F -1.667([eigh] t')
.833 F 3.709(matches either)6.209 F(`height' or `ht'.)97 494.4 Q
(If one of these special tok)72 510 Q
(ens has to be referred to literally)-.1 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G
2.5(ss)-2.5 G(urrounded with single quotes.)-2.5 E(The top-le)97 525.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(l).15 E F5(pic)2.5 E F0(object is a picture.)2.5 E F2
(<picture> ::=)108 543.6 Q(.PS [NUMBER [NUMBER]]\\n)120 555.6 Q
(<statement> ...)120 567.6 Q(.PE \\n)120 579.6 Q F0 1.198(The ar)97
601.2 R 1.199(guments, if present, represent the width and height of th\
e picture, causing)-.18 F F5(pic)3.699 E F0 1.199(to attempt to)3.699 F
.461(scale it to the gi)72 613.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.961(nd).15 G .461
(imensions in inches.)-2.961 F .461(In no case, ho)5.461 F(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.261 -.4(r, t).15 H .461
(he X and Y dimensions of the picture e).4 F(x-)-.15 E .155(ceed the v)
72 625.2 R .155(alues of the style v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(maxpswid)
2.655 E F0(and)2.655 E F5(maxpsheight)2.656 E F0 .156(\(which def)2.656
F .156(ault to the normal 8.5)-.1 F 2.656(ib).833 G 2.656(y1)-2.656 G
.833(1i)-2.656 G(page size\).)72 637.2 Q .597
(If the ending `.PE' is replaced by `.PF', the page v)97 652.8 R .597
(ertical position is restored to its v)-.15 F .596(alue at the time)-.25
F .064(`.PS' w)72 664.8 R .064(as encountered.)-.1 F .064
(Another alternate form of in)5.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .065(cation is `.PS)
.2 F(<)2.5 E F1(FILEN)A(AME)-.315 E F0 .065(', which replaces the `.PS')
B(line with a \214le to be interpreted by)72 676.8 Q F5(pic)2.5 E F0
(\(b)2.5 E(ut this feature is deprecated\).)-.2 E 1.323(The `.PS', `.PE\
', and `.PF' macros to perform centering and scaling are normally suppl\
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-33-)279.67 48 Q(In the follo)97 84 Q
(wing, either `|' or a ne)-.25 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine starts an alternati)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(<statement> ::=)108 102
Q(<command> ;)120 114 Q(<command> \\n)120 126 Q(<command> ::=)108 150 Q
(<primitive> [<attribute>])120 162 Q(LABEL : [;] <command>)120 174 Q
(LABEL : [;] <command> [<position>])120 186 Q 6({<)120 198 S
(command> ... })-6 E(VARIABLE [:] = <any-expr>)120 210 Q
(figname = MACRONAME)120 222 Q(up | down | left | right)120 234 Q
(COMMAND-LINE)120 246 Q(command <print-arg> ...)120 258 Q
(print <print-arg> ...)120 270 Q(sh BALANCED-TEXT)120 282 Q
(copy FILENAME)120 294 Q(copy [FILENAME] thru MACRONAME [until TEXT])120
306 Q(copy [FILENAME] thru BALANCED-BODY [until TEXT])120 318 Q
(for VARIABLE = <expr> to <expr> [by [*] <expr>] do BALANCED-BODY)120
330 Q(if <any-expr> then BALANCED-BODY [else BALANCED-BODY])120 342 Q
(reset [VARIABLE [[,] VARIABLE ...]])120 354 Q(<print-arg> ::=)108 378 Q
(TEXT)120 390 Q(<expr>)120 402 Q(<position>)120 414 Q F0 .655
(The current position and direction are sa)97 435.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.155(do).15 G 3.155(ne)-3.155 G .655(ntry to a `{)-3.155 F -3.332 1.666
(... })2.5 H 3.155('c)-1.666 G .655(onstruction and restored on e)-3.155
F(xit)-.15 E(from it.)72 447.6 Q(Note that in `if)97 463.2 Q 2.5('c).55
G(onstructions, ne)-2.5 E(wlines can only occur in)-.25 E/F2 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF -.315(BA)2.5 G(LANCED-BOD).315 E(Y)-.495 E F0 5(.T)C
(his means that)-5 E F1(if)108 481.2 Q 6({.)108 493.2 S(.. })-6 E(else)
108 505.2 Q 6({.)108 517.2 S(.. })-6 E F0 -.1(fa)97 538.8 S 2.5(ils. Y)
.1 F(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ou).15 G
(se the braces on the same line as the k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15
G(rds:).1 E F1(if {)108 556.8 Q(...)108 568.8 Q 6(}e)108 580.8 S(lse {)
-6 E(...)108 592.8 Q(})108 604.8 Q F0(This restriction doesn')97 626.4 Q
2.5(th)-.18 G(old for the body after the `do' in a `for' construction.)
-2.5 E .13(At the be)97 642 R .13(ginning of each picture, `\214gname' \
is reset to the vbox name `graph'; this command has only)-.15 F 3.761
(am)72 654 S 1.261(eaning in T)-3.761 F(E)-1.667 2.24 M 3.761(Xm)-1.25
-2.24 O 3.761(ode. While)-3.761 F 1.261(the grammar rules allo)3.761 F
3.762(wd)-.25 G 1.262(igits and the underscore in the v)-3.762 F 1.262
(alue of `\214g-)-.25 F 2.782(name', T)72 666 R(E)-1.667 2.24 M 5.282
(Xn)-1.25 -2.24 O 2.782(ormally accepts uppercase and lo)-5.282 F 2.782
(wercase letters only as box names \(you ha)-.25 F 3.081 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
5.281(ou).15 G(se)-5.281 E(`\\csname' if you really need to circumv)72
678 Q(ent this limitation\).)-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-34-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(<any-expr> ::=)108 84 Q(<expr>)120 96 Q(<text-expr>)120 108 Q
(<any-expr> <logical-op> <any-expr>)120 120 Q 6(!<)120 132 S(any-expr>)
-6 E(<logical-op> ::=)108 156 Q(== | != | && | '||')120 168 Q
(<text-expr> ::=)108 192 Q(TEXT == TEXT)120 204 Q(TEXT != TEXT)120 216 Q
F0 1.154(Logical operators are handled specially by)97 237.6 R/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)3.654 E F0 1.154(since the)3.654 F 3.654(yc)-.15 G
1.155(an deal with te)-3.654 F 1.155(xt strings also.)-.15 F F2(pic)
6.155 E F0(uses)3.655 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)72 249.6 Q(cmp)-.37
E F0(\(3\) to test for equality of strings; an empty string is consider\
ed as `f).19 E(alse' for `&&' and `|)-.1 E(|'.)1.666 E F1
(<primitive> ::=)108 267.6 Q(box)120 279.6 Q F0 2.5(#c)114 G
(losed object \212 rectangle)-2.5 E F1(circle)120 291.6 Q F0 2.5(#c)96 G
(losed object \212 circle)-2.5 E F1(ellipse)120 303.6 Q F0 2.5(#c)90 G
(losed object \212 ellipse)-2.5 E F1(arc)120 315.6 Q F0 2.5(#o)114 G
(pen object \212 quarter)-2.5 E(-circle)-.2 E F1(line)120 327.6 Q F0 2.5
(#o)108 G(pen object \212 line)-2.5 E F1(arrow)120 339.6 Q F0 2.5(#o)102
G(pen object \212 line with arro)-2.5 E(whead)-.25 E F1(spline)120 351.6
Q F0 2.5(#o)96 G(pen object \212 spline curv)-2.5 E(e)-.15 E F1(move)120
363.6 Q(TEXT TEXT ...)120 375.6 Q F0 2.5(#t)54 G -.15(ex)-2.5 G 2.5(tw)
.15 G(ithin in)-2.5 E(visible box)-.4 E F1(plot <expr> TEXT)120 387.6 Q
F0 2.5(#f)36 G(ormatted te)-2.5 E(xt)-.15 E F1('[' <command> ... ']')120
399.6 Q F0(Dra)97 421.2 Q .632(wn objects within `[)-.15 F -3.332 1.666
(... ])2.5 H 3.131('a)-1.666 G .631(re treated as a single composite ob\
ject with a rectangular shape \(that)-3.131 F 1.071
(of the bounding box of all the elements\).)72 433.2 R -1.11(Va)6.071 G
1.071(riable and label assignments within a block are local to the)1.11
F 3.345(block. Current)72 445.2 R .844
(direction of motion is restored to the v)3.345 F .844
(alue at start of block upon e)-.25 F 3.344(xit. Position)-.15 F(is)
3.344 E F3(not)3.344 E F0(re-)3.344 E .412(stored \(unlik)72 457.2 R
2.912(e`)-.1 G 2.5({})-2.912 G .412
('\); instead, the current position becomes the e)-2.5 F .413
(xit position for the current direction on the)-.15 F(block')72 469.2 Q
2.5(sb)-.55 G(ounding box.)-2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-35-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(<attribute> ::=)108 84 Q(h[eigh]t <expr>)120 96 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et height of closed \214gure)-2.5 E F1(wid[th] <expr>)120 108 Q F0 2.5
(#s)48 G(et width of closed \214gure)-2.5 E F1(rad[ius] <expr>)120 120 Q
F0 2.5(#s)42 G(et radius of circle/arc)-2.5 E F1(diam[eter] <expr>)120
132 Q F0 2.5(#s)30 G(et diameter of circle/arc)-2.5 E F1(up [<expr>])120
144 Q F0 2.5(#m)66 G .3 -.15(ove u)-2.5 H(p).15 E F1(down [<expr>])120
156 Q F0 2.5(#m)54 G .3 -.15(ove d)-2.5 H -.25(ow).15 G(n).25 E F1
(left [<expr>])120 168 Q F0 2.5(#m)54 G .3 -.15(ove l)-2.5 H(eft).15 E
F1(right [<expr>])120 180 Q F0 2.5(#m)48 G .3 -.15(ove r)-2.5 H(ight).15
E F1(from <position>)120 192 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et from position of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(to <position>)120 204 Q F0
2.5(#s)54 G(et to position of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(at <position>)120
216 Q F0 2.5(#s)54 G(et center of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(with <path>)
120 228 Q F0 2.5<238c>66 G 2.5(xc)-2.5 G
(orner/named point at speci\214ed location)-2.5 E F1(with <position>)120
240 Q F0 2.5<238c>42 G 2.5(xp)-2.5 G
(osition of object at speci\214ed location)-2.5 E F1(by <expr-pair>)120
252 Q F0 2.5(#s)48 G(et object')-2.5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G(ttachment point)
-2.5 E F1(then)120 264 Q F0 2.5(#s)108 G(equential se)-2.5 E
(gment composition)-.15 E F1(dotted [<expr>])120 276 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et dotted line style)-2.5 E F1(dashed [<expr>])120 288 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et dashed line style)-2.5 E F1(thick[ness] <expr>)120 300 Q F0 2.5(#s)
24 G(et thickness of lines)-2.5 E F1(chop [<expr>])120 312 Q F0 2.5(#c)
54 G(hop end\(s\) of se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1('->' | '<-' | '<->')120
324 Q F0 2.5(#d)18 G(ecorate with arro)-2.5 E(ws)-.25 E F1(invis[ible])
120 336 Q F0 2.5(#m)66 G(ak)-2.5 E 2.5(ep)-.1 G(rimiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H -.4(nv).15 G(isible).4 E F1(solid)120 348 Q F0 2.5(#m)102 G
(ak)-2.5 E 2.5(ec)-.1 G(losed \214gure solid)-2.5 E F1
(fill[ed] [<expr>])120 360 Q F0 2.5(#s)30 G
(et \214ll density for \214gure)-2.5 E F1(xscaled <expr>)120 372 Q F0
2.5(#s)48 G(lant box into x direction)-2.5 E F1(yscaled <expr>)120 384 Q
F0 2.5(#s)48 G(lant box into y direction)-2.5 E F1(colo[u]r[ed] TEXT)120
396 Q F0 2.5(#s)30 G(et \214ll and outline color for \214gure)-2.5 E F1
(outline[d] TEXT)120 408 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G(et outline color for \214gure)
-2.5 E F1(shaded TEXT)120 420 Q F0 2.5(#s)66 G
(et \214ll color for \214gure)-2.5 E F1(same)120 432 Q F0 2.5(#c)108 G
(op)-2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.1 G(ize of pre)-2.5 E(vious object)-.25 E F1
(cw | ccw)120 444 Q F0 2.5(#s)84 G(et orientation of curv)-2.5 E(es)-.15
E F1(ljust | rjust)120 456 Q F0 2.5(#a)54 G(djust te)-2.5 E
(xt horizontally)-.15 E F1(above | below)120 468 Q F0 2.5(#a)54 G
(djust te)-2.5 E(xt v)-.15 E(ertically)-.15 E F1(aligned)120 480 Q F0
2.5(#a)90 G(lign parallel to object)-2.5 E F1(TEXT TEXT ...)120 492 Q F0
2.5(#t)54 G -.15(ex)-2.5 G 2.5(tw).15 G(ithin object)-2.5 E F1(<expr>)
120 504 Q F0 2.5(#m)96 G(otion in the current direction)-2.5 E 1.99
(Missing attrib)97 525.6 R 1.99(utes are supplied from def)-.2 F 1.99
(aults; inappropriate ones are silently ignored.)-.1 F -.15(Fo)6.99 G
4.49(rl).15 G(ines,)-4.49 E
(splines, and arcs, height and width refer to arro)72 537.6 Q
(whead size.)-.25 E .246(The `at' primiti)97 553.2 R .547 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .247(ets the center of the current object.).15 F .247
(The `with' attrib)5.247 F .247(ute \214x)-.2 F .247
(es the speci\214ed feature)-.15 F .733(of the gi)72 565.2 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.233(no).15 G .733(bject to a speci\214ed location.)-3.233 F
.732(\(Note that `with' is incorrectly described in the K)5.732 F .732
(ernighan pa-)-.25 F(per)72 577.2 Q(.\))-.55 E .176(The `by' primiti)97
592.8 R .476 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.676(sn).15 G .176
(ot documented in the tutorial portion of the K)-2.676 F .177
(ernighan paper)-.25 F 2.677(,a)-.4 G .177(nd should prob-)-2.677 F
(ably be considered unreliable.)72 604.8 Q(The primiti)97 620.4 Q .3
-.15(ve `)-.25 H(arro).15 E(w' is a synon)-.25 E(ym for `line ->'.)-.15
E -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 636 T 3.344(ti).7 G 3.344(sn)-3.344 G .844
(ormally an attrib)-3.344 F .844
(ute of some object, in which case successi)-.2 F 1.144 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.844(trings are v).15 F .844(ertically stack)-.15 F(ed)-.1 E .83
(and centered on the object')72 648 R 3.33(sc)-.55 G .83(enter by def)
-3.33 F 3.33(ault. Standalone)-.1 F(te)3.33 E .83
(xt is treated as though placed in an in)-.15 F(visible)-.4 E(box.)72
660 Q 2.804(At)97 675.6 S -.15(ex)-2.804 G 2.804(ti).15 G .304
(tem consists of a string or sprintf-e)-2.804 F .304
(xpression, optionally follo)-.15 F .303
(wed by positioning information.)-.25 F -1.25 -.7(Te x)72 687.6 T 3.546
(t\().7 G 1.046(or strings speci\214ed with `sprintf)-3.546 F 1.047
('\) may contain font changes, size changes, and local motions, pro-).55
F .354
(vided those changes are undone before the end of the current item.)72
699.6 R -1.25 -.7(Te x)5.353 H 2.853(tm).7 G .353
(ay also contain \\-escapes denot-)-2.853 F 1.002
(ing special characters.)72 711.6 R 1.002(The base font and speci\214c \
set of escapes supported is implementation dependent,)6.002 F -.2(bu)72
723.6 S 2.5(ts).2 G(upported escapes al)-2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys include the follo).1 E(wing:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-36-)279.67 48 Q(\\fR, \\f1)72 84 Q
(Set Roman style \(the def)97 96 Q(ault\))-.1 E(\\fI, \\f2)72 111.6 Q
(Set Italic style)97 123.6 Q(\\fB, \\f3)72 139.2 Q(Set Bold style)97
151.2 Q(\\fP)72 166.8 Q(Re)97 178.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rt to pre).15 E
(vious style; only w)-.25 E(orks one le)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ld).15
G(eep, does not stack.)-2.5 E .161
(Color names are dependent on the pic implementation, b)97 194.4 R .161
(ut in all modern v)-.2 F .16(ersions color names recog-)-.15 F
(nized by the X windo)72 206.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(ystem are supported.)-2.5
E 2.5(Ap)97 222 S(osition is an \(x,y\) coordinate pair)-2.5 E 5(.T)-.55
G(here are lots of dif)-5 E(ferent w)-.25 E(ays to specify positions:)
-.1 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(<position> ::=)108 240 Q(<position-not-place>)
120 252 Q(<place>)120 264 Q 6(\(<)120 276 S(position> \))-6 E
(<position-not-place> ::=)108 300 Q(<expr-pair>)120 312 Q
(<position> + <expr-pair>)120 324 Q(<position> - <expr-pair>)120 336 Q 6
(\(<)120 348 S(position> , <position> \))-6 E
(<expr> [of the way] between <position> and <position>)120 360 Q
(<expr> '<' <position> , <position> '>')120 372 Q(<expr-pair> ::=)108
396 Q(<expr> , <expr>)120 408 Q 6(\(e)120 420 S(xpr-pair \))-6 E
(<place> ::=)108 444 Q(<label>)120 456 Q(<label> <corner>)120 468 Q
(<corner> [of] <label>)120 480 Q(Here)120 492 Q(<label> ::=)108 516 Q
(LABEL [. LABEL ...])120 528 Q(<nth-primitive>)120 540 Q(<corner> ::=)
108 564 Q(.n | .e | .w | .s)120 576 Q(.ne | .se | .nw | .sw)120 588 Q
(.c[enter] | .start | .end)120 600 Q
(.t[op] | .b[ot[tom]] | .l[eft] | .r[ight])120 612 Q
(left | right | <top-of> | <bottom-of>)120 624 Q
(<north-of> | <south-of> | <east-of> | <west-of>)120 636 Q
(<center-of> | <start-of> | <end-of>)120 648 Q
(upper left | lower left | upper right | lower right)120 660 Q(<)108 684
Q/F2 10/Courier-Oblique@0 SF(xxx).28 E F1(-of> ::=).9 E F2(xxx)120 696 Q
F0 2.5(#f)114 G(ollo)-2.5 E(wed by `of)-.25 E(').55 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-37-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(<nth-primitive> ::=)108 84 Q(<ordinal> <object-type>)120 96 Q
([<ordinal>] last <object-type>)120 108 Q(<ordinal> ::=)108 132 Q
(INT th)120 144 Q(INT st | INT nd | INT rd)120 156 Q 6(`<)120 168 S
(any-expr> 'th)-6 E(<object-type> ::=)108 192 Q(box)120 204 Q(circle)120
216 Q(ellipse)120 228 Q(arc)120 240 Q(line)120 252 Q(arrow)120 264 Q
(spline)120 276 Q('[]')120 288 Q(TEXT)120 300 Q F0 .48(As K)97 321.6 R
.48(ernighan notes, \231since barbarisms lik)-.25 F(e)-.1 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(1th)2.98 E F0(and)2.98 E F2(3th)2.98 E F0 .48
(are barbaric, synon)2.98 F .48(yms lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(1st)2.98 E F0
(and)2.98 E F2(3rd)2.98 E F0(are)2.98 E .74(accepted as well.)72 333.6 R
5.74<9a4f>-.7 G .74(bjects of a gi)-5.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.24(nt).15 G
.739(ype are numbered from 1 upw)-3.24 F .739
(ards in order of declaration; the)-.1 F F2(last)3.239 E F0
(modi\214er counts backw)72 345.6 Q(ards.)-.1 E .3(The \231')97 361.2 R
.3(th\232 form \(which allo)-.18 F .3(ws you to select a pre)-.25 F .3
(vious object with an e)-.25 F .3(xpression, as opposed to a nu-)-.15 F
(meric literal\) is not documented in D)72 373.2 Q(WB')-.3 E(s)-.55 E/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic)2.5 E F0(\(1\).).31 E(The)97 388.8 Q/F4 10
/Symbol SF<e1>3.943 E F3(xxx).77 E F0(-of).53 E F4<f1>1.666 E F0 1.442
(rule is special: The le)3.943 F 1.442(xical parser checks whether)-.15
F F3(xxx)3.942 E F0 1.442(is follo)3.942 F 1.442(wed by the tok)-.25 F
1.442(en `of)-.1 F(').55 E .866
(without eliminating it so that the grammar parser can still see `of)72
400.8 R 3.366('. V).55 F .866(alid e)-1.11 F .866
(xamples of specifying a place)-.15 F(with corner and label are thus)72
412.8 Q F1 6(A.)108 430.8 S(n)-6 E(.n of A)108 442.8 Q(.n A)108 454.8 Q
(north of A)108 466.8 Q F0(while)72 488.4 Q F1(north A)108 506.4 Q 6(An)
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